MIDTERMS NI MADAM UWU

The study of occurrences and distribution of diseases.

What is the main focus of epidemiology?

The distribution and determinants of health states or events in specified populations.

What does epidemiology study besides disease occurrence?

The control of health problems.

What is the goal or application of epidemiology?

The warning signs of cancer.

What does the acronym CAUTION US represent?

Change in bowel and bladder habits.

What does “C” in CAUTION US stand for?

Any sore that does not heal.

What does “A” in CAUTION US stand for?

Unusual bleeding or discharge.

What does “U” in CAUTION US stand for?

Thickening or lump.

What does “T” in CAUTION US stand for?

Indigestion.

What does “I” in CAUTION US stand for?

Obvious change in wart or mole.

What does “O” in CAUTION US stand for?

Nagging cough or hoarseness.

What does “N” in CAUTION US stand for?

Unexplained anemia.

What does the second “U” in CAUTION US stand for?

Sudden weight loss.

What does “S” in CAUTION US stand for?

Each chromosome replicates.

What happens during the S phase of interphase?

Two genetically identical sister chromatids.

What is produced after chromosome replication during interphase?

No, it occurs between mitotic phases.

Is interphase part of mitosis?

No, chromosomes are not yet visible.

Are chromosomes visible during interphase?

It has been duplicated or replicated.

What has happened to DNA by the end of interphase?

Duplicated chromosomes appear as two identical sister chromatids.

What happens during prophase in mitosis?

The mitotic spindle.

What structure begins to form during prophase?

They condense and thicken.

What happens to chromosomes during prophase?

Crossing-over and recombination.

What unique event occurs during prophase I of meiosis?

Tetrad or bivalent structures.

What appears during prophase I when homologous chromosomes pair up?

To exchange genetic material between non-sister chromatids.

What is the purpose of crossing-over in meiosis?

Points where crossing-over occurs.

What are chiasmata?

They align at the cell’s equator (metaphase plate).

What happens to chromosomes during metaphase?

Homologous chromosomes adjust on the metaphase plate.

What happens during metaphase I of meiosis?

They contract and pull sister chromatids apart.

What happens to spindle fibers during anaphase?

Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles.

What happens during anaphase I of meiosis?

No, they stay intact.

Do sister chromatids separate during anaphase I?

Genetic material is separated into two identical daughter cells.

What happens during telophase in mitosis?

Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.

What happens during telophase I in meiosis?

Asexual reproduction.

What is the mode of reproduction in mitosis?

Sexual reproduction.

What is the mode of reproduction in meiosis?

All body (somatic) cells.

What type of cells undergo mitosis?

Reproductive (germ) cells.

What type of cells undergo meiosis?

Growth, repair, and cell reproduction.

What is the function of mitosis?

To promote genetic diversity.

What is the function of meiosis?

During telophase.

When does cytokinesis occur in mitosis?

During telophase I and telophase II.

When does cytokinesis occur in meiosis?

Walther Flemming.

Who discovered mitosis?

Oscar Hertwig.

Who discovered meiosis?

To prevent disease before it occurs.

What is the focus of primary prevention?

Health promotion and risk reduction.

What strategies are used in primary prevention?

Immunization.

Give an example of primary prevention.

The American Cancer Society (ACS).

What organization provides guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention?

Achieve and maintain a healthy weight throughout life.

What is the first ACS guideline for cancer prevention?

Adopt a physically active lifestyle.

What is the second ACS guideline for cancer prevention?

Consume a healthy diet emphasizing plant sources.

What is the third ACS guideline for cancer prevention?

Community action.

What is the fourth ACS guideline for cancer prevention?

To reduce the impact of an occurring disease.

What is the focus of secondary prevention?

Screening and early detection.

What are examples of secondary prevention activities?

Precancerous lesions.

What is identified in secondary prevention?

Cancer risk assessment

What other interventions are included in secondary prevention?

To soften the impact of ongoing illness with lasting effects.

What is the focus of tertiary prevention?

Monitoring and preventing recurrence of primary cancer.

What activities are part of tertiary prevention?

Screening for second malignancies in cancer survivors.

What is another goal of tertiary prevention?

Review of systems, physical exam, imaging studies, and lab tests.

What does diagnostic evaluation include?

Explain tests, sensations, and the patient’s role in the procedure.

What is the nurse’s first step to address fear and anxiety in patients?

Patients and families to express fears and questions.

What should nurses encourage during diagnostic procedures?

Patients and families throughout the process.

What should nurses support during diagnostic evaluation?

Clarify and repeat physician-provided information.

What should nurses reinforce after physician discussions?

To help patients and families cope and express feelings.

Why is communication important during the depression stage (DABDA)?

To provide a common language for healthcare providers and researchers.

What is the purpose of cancer staging?

Tumor size, local invasion, lymph node involvement, and metastasis.

What does staging determine?

The extent of the primary tumor.

What does “T” in TNM classification represent?

Primary tumor cannot be assessed.

What does “Tx” indicate?

No evidence of primary tumor.

What does “T0” indicate?

Carcinoma in situ.

What does “Tis” indicate?

Increasing size or extent of the tumor.

What do T1–T4 categories indicate?

Lymph node involvement.

What does “N” in TNM classification represent?

Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed.

What does “Nx” indicate?

No regional lymph node metastasis.

What does “N0” indicate?

Increasing lymph node involvement.

What do N1–N3 represent?

Presence of distant metastasis.

What does “M” in TNM classification represent?

Distant metastasis cannot be assessed.

What does “Mx” indicate?

No distant metastasis.

What does “M0” indicate?

Distant metastasis present.

What does “M1” indicate?

Communication, treatment decisions, and prognosis estimation.

What are anatomic stage groups used for?

Stages I through IV (increasing severity).

What stages are included in anatomic stage grouping?

Cure, control, and palliation.

What are the three possible surgical treatment goals for cancer?

Complete eradication of malignant disease.

What does “cure” mean in surgical goals?

Prolonged survival and containment of cancer growth.

What does “control” mean in surgical goals?

Relief of symptoms and improvement of quality of life.

What does “palliation” mean in surgical goals?

Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, HSCT, hyperthermia, targeted therapy.

What are the main treatment modalities for cancer?

To obtain a tissue sample.

What is the goal of diagnostic surgery?

To remove malignant tissue.

What is the goal of treatment surgery?

To reduce risk by removing susceptible tissue.

What is the goal of prophylactic surgery?

To relieve symptoms and improve comfort.

What is the goal of palliative surgery?

To restore function or cosmetic appearance.

What is the goal of reconstructive surgery?

Biopsy.

What is diagnostic surgery also called?

Excisional, incisional, and needle biopsy.

What are the types of biopsy?

Small, easily accessible tumors.

What is an excisional biopsy used for?

Tumors too large for total removal.

What is an incisional biopsy used for?

Sampling of suspicious but accessible masses.

What is a needle biopsy used for?

Aspiration of cells for cytologic study.

What is fine needle aspiration biopsy?

Extraction of a small core of tissue for histologic analysis.

What is core needle biopsy?

Curative or debulking surgery.

What is surgery as primary treatment also called?

To remove all or as much of the tumor as possible.

What is the goal of surgery as primary treatment?

Removal of a small mass and minimal surrounding tissue.

What is a local excision?