Ultimate APUSH Review

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Why did Europeans want to explore America?

Why did Europeans want to explore America?

• New population increase

• Increased political unification

• Desire for luxury goods by upper-class

Colombian Exchange

Transfer of food, animals, people, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and America

How did the Colombian Exchange impact the Americas?

• Introduction of new goods

  • Pigs and cattle altered diet

  • Horses revolutionized farming, warfare, nomadic lifestyles

• Spread of smallpox

• Gold attracted more colonists

How did the Colombian Exchange impact Europe?

• New staple grain crops (eg maize) allowed for population growth

• Wealth influx allowed for the rise of capitalism over feudalism

Which countries first interacted with the African slave trade?

Portugal and Spain in West Africa

What caused the shift to African slavery from Native slavery?

Native Americans died in large amounts from European diseases and knew the land far better than the Spanish colonists.

Encomienda System

Spanish system of Native enslavement in which “encomanderos” were granted land and the labor of the Natives living on it; in return, they had to “Christianize” the Native peoples. Opposed by Bartolome De Las Casas.

Pueblo Revolt

1680 rebellion against Spanish; occurred in response to forced conversion. Spaniards didn’t return for a little over a decade.

Main motivation and conduction of Spanish colonization

Spread of Christianity and gain of wealth; decently common for assimilation/intermarriage to occur (Mestizos)

How did French colonization differ from other types of colonization in the Americas?

The French were much bigger on fish and fur trading than colonization—and in comparison to the Spanish and English, far fewer settled in the Americas. Occasional trade-motivated intermarriage.

What were the British colonial motivations?

Money—English econ. had changed significantly between wars and Colombian Exchange. Nobles and peasantry wanted economic opportunity. Evasion of primogeniture laws.

Joint-Stock Company

In which Private English investors pooled money for exploration in Americas.

Bacon’s Rebellion—cause, actual event, effect

1676 — Jamestown needs more land for tobacco → Natives attack → Gov. Berkley provides no aid → Nathaniel Bacon and other indentured servants lead attack on Natives and Berkley’s plantations. As a result, wealthy farmers begin to fear indentured servants and begin using African slaves for tobacco farming instead.

Explain the Chesapeake colonial region.

Jamestown—first perm. settlement—founded by a joint-stock company; started by looking for gold and silver, went through a famine before discovering and MASSIVELY PROFITING off of tobacco. Big on tobacco and big on money across the board.

Explain the New England colonial region.

Mainly populated by Puritan families. Motivated by economy AND religious freedom (but to an extent). Balance between agriculture and commerce.

Explain the West Indies colonial region.

Agricultural giant growing sugarcane. INSANE amount of enslaved people to satisfy labor req.—thus, exceedingly harsh slave codes (eg Barbados Slave Code).

Explain the Middle colonial region.

Large export economy based on cereal crops by virtue of many rivers/canals/streams. Diversely populated.

What’s notable about Pennsylvania as a colony?

High amounts of religious freedom and often negotiated with Natives for more land as opposed to just taking it.

House of Burgesses

Virginian rep. assembly that could levy taxes and pass laws.

Mayflower Compact

New England Pilgrim-signed contract that org. government as a self-governing church congregation.

Triangular Trade

Trade moving in a triangle from America, to Britain, to Africa, to America. Example: New England rum is exchanged for enslaved Africans, enslaved Africans are exchanged for West Indie sugarcane, West Indie sugarcane is exchanged for rum…

Eng/US Mercantilism

Britain wishes to maintain favorable balance of trade (more exports than imports). Uses colonies to import raw materials and to export manufactured goods.

Navigation Acts

1. Merchants can only engage in trade w English colonies in English ships

2. Certain valuable trade items can only pass through British ports (where they were taxed).

Impact of Trans-Atlantic Trade on organized society

Elites buy more goods → status becomes tied to wealth, not heritage

Metacom’s War

English need more land → encroach on natives → war (1675-78).

How did English-, French- and Spanish-Native relations differ?

The English expelled Natives (eg Metacom’s War), the Spanish subjugated Natives (which led to the Pueblo Revolt), and the French were generally pretty chill (fur/fish trade, intermarrying for more trade)

Middle Passage

Horrifying part of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade that utilized inhumane slave ships for profit

How were the enslaved concentrated in the colonies?

Further south = more enslaved.

Colonial Slave Laws

Became harsher as time went on—legally defined enslaved as chattel and made slavery perpetual + hereditary.

Give an example of covert and overt slave resistance.

Covert: slowed progress by breaking tools, damaging crops. Overt: rebellions (eg Stono)—mainly present when Black population>white population.

Stono Rebellion

1739 — West Indies, slave rebellion that burned plantations and killed white individuals along the SC Stono river. Challenged slaveholder justifications that they were doing “the right thing”.

Enlightenment

European movement emphasizing rational thinking over faith/tradition. Spread to US via Trans-Atlantic print culture.

Natural Rights

Enlightenment-era concept spread by people such as John Locke. People have rights to life/liberty/property by virtue of existing. Hand in hand with consent of the governed (in my opinion, at least.)

Great Awakening

Massive colonial religious revival—split between “New Light” preachers and “Old Lights” who rejected religious revivals.

How did the Enlightenment and Great Awakening work together in the colonies?

Enlightenment thinkers (eg John Locke) awakened colonists to ideas of liberty/rights/democratic gov’t—Great Awakening bound society together via a nationwide movement. Americans thus increasingly broke from and rebelled against Britain.

Groups involved in and timeframe of French and Indian War

French and Natives vs British and Colonists. 1754-1763

Cause and Ultimate Outcome of French and Indian War

Theatre of Seven Years’ War — based on a land dispute in Ohio River Valley between French and British. French are removed from North America.

Effects of French and Indian War

1. American colonists push westward towards new, French-ceded land → Natives raid in response → British Proclamation Line of 1763 to protect colonists from Natives by stifling westward expansion past Appalachians.

2. Britain is broke → raises taxes on colonists, ends period of salutary neglect.

Explain salutary neglect.

British laws (eg Navigation Acts) not heavily enforced in the colonies by virtue of distance—continued up until end of French and Indian War.

Quartering Act

1765 — British soldiers kept in colonies, leaving colonists responsible for their food and housing.

Sugar Act

1764 — Taxed wine, coffee AND enforced preexisting taxes on molasses

Stamp Act

1765 — Taxed all paper items in the colonies

Currency Act AND significance

1764 — No printing of money in colonies; so, in short, money supply in the colonies decreased as taxes increased. Uh oh!

Explain the Stamp Act Congress.

1765 — 27 delegates from 9 colonies petitioned the British gov’t to repeal the Stamp Act due to issues with taxation w/o representation. NOT revolutionary in any sense.

Why were the Stamp and Sugar Acts repealed?

Colonist boycotts + protests (eg Stamp Act Congress)

Why was the Declaratory Act passed (and what was it?)

1766 — passed after repeal of Stamp and Sugar Act. Asserted that Parliament can pass whatever laws they want in the colonies, forever

Townshend Acts

1767 — spiritual successor to the Sugar/Stamp act — taxed colonist imports such as paper, tea, glass…

Effect of the Townshend Acts on the colonies

Massive boycotts and protests that brought the colonists together as a nation, actually. Increased tension between England and colonies.

Boston Massacre AND its effects

1770 — British soldiers opened fire on an anti-British crowd, killing 4. Galvanized anti-British sentiment despite acquittal.

Causes and Effects of the Boston Tea Party

1773 — earlier Tea Act gave British East India Company a monopoly on tea in the colonies. Led to passing of Intolerable Acts

Intolerable Acts

1774 — Notably, Coercive Acts (shut down Boston Harbor until all BTP tea was paid for) and a second Quartering Act. Passed in response to Boston Tea Party.

First Continental Congress

1774 — delegates from almost every colony met up to discuss growing British legislative tyranny. Decided colonies needed to resist further violations of liberty—but hoped for reconciliation.

Significance of Common Sense

1776 — Written by Thomas Paine, argued for independence from Britain and utterly disavowed monarchy. Distilled Enlightenment thought into the common population.

Declaration of Independence

1776 — written by Jefferson (mainly) after Second Continental Congress. Aired grievances with George III.

Opposing factors in the American Revolution

Poorly-trained American soldiers/militia vs insane British army, lack of funds, and Loyalist opposition

Significance of Battle of Saratoga

1777 — American victory, convinced France to provide aid to the colonies.

Significance of Yorktown

1781 — Utilized French aid to deal decisive, war-ending blow against Britain

Republican Motherhood

Asserted that women were vital to American democracy by virtue of their ability to raise little American sons and thus needed to be educated.

Global impacts of the American Revolution

French Revolution (1789), Haitian Revolution (1781), and some Latin American revolutions

Articles of Confederation

1781 — first governing constitution of America — provided for an EXCEEDINGLY weak government guided by the states that was in practice unchangeable.

Northwest Ordinance

1787 — promoted public education, protected private property, abolished slavery in NW territory and provided a means for western territories to become states (>60k people)

Shays’s Rebellion (cause, event, and effect)

1786-7 — A rebellion led by Daniel Shays in response to an uncaring government re: heavy debts and taxing on farmers who fought in the American Revolution. Highlighted weakness of Articles of Confederation.

Constitutional Convention

1787 — meeting of state delegates to debate what to do with the weak Articles of Confederation: reform or rewrite?

Explain the differences between the Virginia and New Jersey plans (and how it was resolved).

Virginia Plan: strong centralized state, bicameral legislature with representatives based on population.

New Jersey Plan: Unicameral legislature with equal amounts of representatives.

Resolved through Great Compromise.

How was the issue of slavery resolved in the Constitutional Convention?

1. 3/5 Compromise

2. Slave trade outlawed in 1808

Great Compromise

Compromise between Virginia and New Jersey plans: bicameral legislation, one by pop. (House of Representatives) and one equal (Senate).

3/5 Compromise

A compromise struck to determine population for representation in House of Representatives—enslaved African-Americans counted as 3/5s of one person.

Federalists

Hamilton—fan of strong central government, loose interpretation, and urban/elite interests. Liked new Constitution.

Anti-Federalists

Jefferson—preferred strict interpretation and disliked strong central power in the new Constitution.

Bill of Rights

Added alongside the Constitution to appease Anti-Federalist concerns—provided protection for individual and state rights individually and against federal overreach

Federalism

Sharing of power between national and state government.

Hamilton’s Debt Plan

Highly contested; Establish a National Bank and gather all debt of states from Revolutionary War to be given to the federal gov’t, allowing US to borrow money but creating more reliance on the federal government.

Proclamation of Neutrality

1793 — Washington proclamation to not get involved in French Revolution (opposing Jefferson).

Jay’s Treaty

Treaty created after British impressment of Americans for French Revolution; British gave up military post on Western Frontier.

Pinckney Treaty

1795 — between Spain and US — Southern border at 31st parallel, US can use New Orleans for trade

Whiskey Rebellion (cause, event, significance)

1794 — Hamiltonian bill to tax whiskey passed → Penn. farmers attack tax collectors, but were quashed by US Army (and George Washington)! Proved that the Constitution could deal with rebellions that the AoC failed to.

Democratic-Republicans

Jefferson—successors to Anti-Federalists, fans of states’ rights and rural/agricultural interests

Washington’s Farewell Address (item and significance)

1797 — warned against political parties and foreign entanglements; first one aged like milk, the second governed the US up until 1945.

Republican Motherhood

Idea that women need to be educated in order to fulfill their role by raising little republican, American children.

Louisiana Purchase (and significance)

1803 — land purchase from France that doubled the size of the US. Jefferson went against his own values as a strict constructionist to enact the purchase.

Significance of Marbury v. Madison

1803 — Marshall Court — established judicial review in which Supreme Court is the final arbiter of the Constitution and can declare laws unconstitutional.

Significance of McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 — Marshall Court — Established that National Law > State Law when they contradict.

Why did the US enter the War of 1812?

1. Continued impressment of Americans by Britain

2. Britain was sending aid to Natives attacking those on the frontier

War Hawks (1812)

Democratic-Republicans in the HoR eager for war with Britain.

Hartford Convention

1814 — In which Federalists threatened to secede from the United States over disagreement with the Democratic-Republican war hawks.

Main effect of the War of 1812

Significantly increased nationalism that essentially ended the Federalist Party.

What weaknesses did the War of 1812 expose in America?

1. The US needed a national bank in order to have reliable credit to raise funds, which had expired in 1811

2. Generally awful infrastructure

Explain the American System

Henry Clay’s proposal of:

1. Federally funded internal improvements

2. Federal tariffs protecting American manufacturers

3. A Bank of the United States

Who did the American System benefit?

By taxing exports and funding internal improvements mainly connecting the North and Midwest, the South was at a disadvantage.

Why was Missouri’s slave status such a big deal?

Up until the addition of Missouri to the US, there were a perfect balance of “slave” vs “free” states.

Tallmadge Amendment

1819 — A proposed amendment that would ban slavery in Missouri after 25 years. Viewed as a threat to slavery everywhere by Southerners.

Explain the Missouri Compromise.

AKA Compromise of 1820 — Missouri would be added as a slave state and Maine would be added as a free state. Established the 3630 line as the slave/free state boundary.

Adams-Onis Treaty

1819 — After an attack on Spanish Florida by Andrew Jackson, Spain sold Florida to the US and established a new border between the two countries’ land.

Explain the Monroe Doctrine (and its significance/reason for being).

1823 — President Monroe’s declaration that the Western Hemisphere belonged to and was the business of the United States, not Europe. Pretty foundational foreign policy that would be built upon later by T.Roosevelt—however, it was motivated not only by claims to land, but by trade as well.

What was the Market Revolution in the US?

The linking of northern industry with western and southern farms via advances in agriculture, industry, and transportation. KEY CAUSE OF FUTURE REFORM MOVEMENTS.

Significance of the Erie Canal

1825 — constructed in New York, linking western farms with northern manufacturing and inspired further canal-building.

Significance of railroads in the Market Revolution

1820s-30s, supplanted canals and were heavily encouraged by the US government.

Name three advancements in transportation during the Market Revolution.

Canals, railroads, steamboats

Significance of “interchangeable parts”

Market-revolution-era advancement—invented by Eli Whitney and gave rise to the factory system and more efficient production of goods.

Significance of the cotton gin

1798 invention by Eli Whitney—meant to make slavery less important, instead slavery exploded with more efficient production.