Family Resources Final Exam

Family Resource Management

Understanding of the decisions individuals and families make about developing and allocating resources including time, money, material assets, energy, friends, neighbors, and space to meet needs/goals

-multidisciplinary perspectives

How do families use management?

- Business management, efficiency and effectiveness

- focuses on emotional, intangibles

How do families use resources?

Identification of resources to meet specific needs guided by

- culture

- availability

- accessibility

- sufficiency

($ for time)

Recognize existing needs

5 Step Decision Making Process: Step 1

Identify alternatives to fulfill identified needs

5 Step Decision Making Process: Step 2

Evaluate identified alternatives

5 Step Decision Making Process: Step 3

Select and implement alternatives

5 Step Decision Making Process: Step 4

Reflect and evaluate alternatives selected

5 Step Decision Making Process: Step 5

Historical influences in resource management

the way in which today's egalitarian family acquires and uses resources is radically different than in previous decades

Environmental influences in resource management

Availability and accessibility of resources greatly influence how they are used

(ex. geography, economics)

Cultural influences in resource management

- Family experiences

- Variations in value systems of different cultural groups

- World View

Worldview Framework

All cultures differ distinctly on five dimensions

1. person/nature

2. time sense

3. activity

4. social relations

5. human nature

Person/Nature

- People have little control over natural forces

- Humans are expected to conquer/control nature

Conception of Time

Past: it is important to preserve and learn from the past

Present: enjoy today rather than worry about tomorrow

Future: Planning change, events that are to occur

Activity

Being: emphasis on spontaneous expression

Becoming: Emphasis is on inner development

Doing: Emphasis on measurable accomplishments that are judged by external standards

Social Relations

Lineal: Lines of authority are clearly established with the goals of the group assuming priority

Collateral: emphasis on collective decision making

Individualistic: Individual goals are more important than group goals, majority rules

Human Nature

Good: people are basically good

Bad: people are born with evil intentions

Mixed: There are both good and evil people

Family of Procreation

Begin on your own

Family of Origin

Born Into

Nuclear Family

- "traditional family"

- 2 parents with children

- modern family

postmodern family

lesbian/gay, single by choice with children

binuclear family

live in separate households

blended family

divorced parents remarry

extended family

grandparents, aunts uncles, cousins, in-laws

fictive kin

non-relatives accepted as part of the family

Family (prototypical definition)

- 2+ related by blood, marriage or adoption

- live together

- form an economic unit

- bear and raise children

Sources of Variation

- form

- function (belonging, reproduction, meeting physical needs)

- expectations

- values

- preferences

- world view

Family (class definition)

- economic or otherwise practical unit that cares for children/dependents

- 2+ people who consider their identity lined to the other/group

- committed to maintaining the group over time

Structural Functional Theory

stability = social stability

- husband is instrumental

- wife is expressive

- husband, wife, kids

Family Development Theory

- views family as dynamic system that changes over time

- focuses on changes in family roles at each stage

- dating, marriage, empty nest, retirement, death

Social Exchange Theory

- variety of resources that we bring to relationships: money, goods, status, affection

- "trade for more/better assets

Symbolic Interactionism

- what family means to each family's various members

- each family is unique

- shared meanings with in family allow the unit to define/interpret situations in unique ways

Conflict Theory

- members have diff. goals and values that result in conflict

- power is not equally distributed, resources are scarce

- conflict results in change

Feminist Perspective

- radical feminism

- liberal feminism

- global feminism

Family Systems Theory

- family members are part of a group, so when something happens to one, all are impacted

- emphasis on how members communicate, patters evolve, personality sync

Family Ecological Theory

- links family experiences to its environment

Family Strengths Framework

- emphasizes what is working well in a family, rather than solving problems

- once strengths are identified, they provide a foundation for growth and change

Utility resources

this resource should serve a purpose

Accessible Resources

this resource should be available

Transferable Resources

this resource should be mobile

Interchangeable Resources

this resource should be exchangeable

Manageable resources

this resource should be useful in planning

Foa and Foa's Resource Theory

- people father resources through relationships

- resources can be evaluated based on particularistic qualities and concreteness

6 Types of resources exchanged in relationships

1. love

2. status

3. information (advice, opinion, instruction)

4. money

5. goods (tangible items)

6. Services (labor for another)

Human Resources

-cognitive/mental resources

- energy used to complete taks

Economic Resources

- acquired

- inherited

Environmental Resources

- available from the physical environment

- Renewable, sustainable

Social Resources (Intangibles)

- connections among individuals and groups

- communication

- reciprocity

- connection, cohesion

Equitable Exchange

Receive something equal to what is given

Resourcefulness

ability to identify and use resourcesto meet needs effectively

Theory of Relative Resources

Power in relaationship will be on the side of the partner who has the most resources

Orchestration Power

major decisions that determine family lifestyle

Implementation Power

day-to-day decisions

Resource Allocation Behavior

- strategies used in the decision making process

- influences by (un) certainty and risk

"Assume-no-loss" Strategy

Those with fewer resources plan more for loss

Deutsch's 3 Principles fo Distributive Justice: Equity

based on fairness where distribution is contingent on contributions made

Deutsch's 3 Principles fo Distributive Justice: Equality

purely based on equal distribution, regardless of input or need

Deutsch's 3 Principles fo Distributive Justice: Need

based on assessment of each individual's level of need

Family/Business Parallel

- similar needs = financial security

- Family = less tangible things like relationships, health, time, and wellness

- decision-making process is the key to success

History of Home Management Science: Era 1

- Focused on household management and other social systems

- 1900-1930s

History of Home Management Science: Era 2

- production and consumption high

- "modern home" included time-saving efficient technology

- 1940s-1950s

History of Home Management Science: Era 3

- Home Economics emerged as a field of study

-1950s-1960s

History of Home Management Science: Era 4

- Home economics evolved into Family Resources and Management and educational/vocational programs to better align with social changes and employment opportunities

- 1970s-1980s

History of Home Management Science: Today

-Home economics is replaced by: family studies, family science, human ecology

- focus on research, application, curriculum, and optimization of human/family development

Specific Applications of Management: Time Management

- commodity that can be measured, kept, saved, wasted

- planning, scheduling, prioritizing

- cultural construct

lack of is a major family issue

Specific Applications of Management: Family Planning

- childbearing decisions and availability resources are linked, increase need

- can control timing and type of pregnancy

- always shifting

Specific Applications of Management: Dependent Care

- child and elder care (availability, adequacy, expense)

- sandwich generation (more of us will be caring for aging parents and growing children)

Specific Applications of Management: Financial Management

- flow of $ in and out of the family

- purposeful continual management of family's monetary resources key to sustainability and well-being of family

- socioeconomic differences

Need

necessity

Want

not essential, desired

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Actualization

- morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving

- highest up on the pyramid

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Esteem

- Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of/by others

- second from the top

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Love/Belonging

- friendship, family, sexual intimacy

- third from the top

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Safety

- security of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health, of property

- fourth from the top

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Physiological

- vital to life

- breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, using the bathroom

- bottom

Economic Needs

things that require an exchange of payment

Physiological Needs

things required for sustaining life

(while money may be the primary exchange for food, water, etc, the management of these things requires human resources)

Psychological Needs

intrinsic things required for mental and emotional health

(self-esteem, competence)

Social Needs

relatedness, affiliation within society

Quality of Life

Measures can be used to evaluate whether family needs are met

Changing Perspective of Needs

Each family has a unique way of determining needs, which changes over time

- circumstances

- personality

- socio-economic situation

- technology

- culture

- lifespan/age

- gender

- geography

- education

Consumer Resource Exchange Model Assumption 1

Consumers manage physical, (exercise, nutrition) social (relationships/belonging), informational (intellectual curiosity), and financial resources for best functioning

Consumer Resource Exchange Model Assumption 2

People place different levels of importance on each resource type

Consumer Resource Exchange Model Assumption 3

Resources are interrelated/

interdependent

Consumer Resource Exchange Model Assumption 4

Time is NOT a consumer resource; it is finite

Human vs. Societal Needs

Societal needs influence and expand the family's decision making process

Societal needs (business and consumerism) influence and expand the family's decision making process

- planned/artificial obsolescence (purposeful dissatisfaction of consumers to drive new purchasing)

- quality, safety, sustainability concerns in product development, use, and disposal

Affluenza

- describes extreme materialism resulting from the excessive desire for material goods

epidemic of stress, overwork, waste, and indebtedness caused by pursuit of wants

- unsustainable addiction to economic growth

Voluntary Simplicity

- opposite of affluenza

- rejection of consumerism, over consumption

- focus less on the amount of purchases made and things acquired and focus more on the value of what you have

Values

Rank order of what's important, guiding principles of thought and behavior

Values as Morals

values in the context of religion

Family Values

selective, pertaining to certain family groups

(ex. homogamy)

the Value of Family

express external concepts, how larger social systems feel about family

values across lifespan

values develop slowly and resistant to change

attitudes

learned predispositions to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner to any given object

selective interpretation

understanding of certain information in ways that are favorable to the individual

selective memory

purposeful retrieval of information while ignoring other details that don't match the attitude/behavior

self-perception theory

develops attitudes by observing own behavior and concluding what attitude must have caused it, we learn about attitudes by observing our behaviors

cognitive dissonance theory

bring attitudes into alignment with behaviors when the disconnect causes personal discomfort

filter bubble

person's own unique information stored online, it depends on what you do and how you spend your time on the Internet