Test #2 Flash Cards

Chapter 13 and 14 Flash cards

What are the 4 parts of the PNS?

(Sensitive Trains Move Retardidly)
Sensory Receptors, Transmission Lines, Motor endings and activity, Reflex activity

What part of PNS is specialized to respond to stimuli?

Sensory Receptors

which sensory processes occurs only in the brain?

sensation, perception

which sensory receptor responds to touch?

Mechanoreceptors

which sensory receptor responds to temperature changes?

Thermoreceptors

Which sensory receptors responds to light?

Photoreceptors

Which sensory receptors respond to chemicals (Smell, Taste)

Chemoreceptors

Which sensory receptors respond to pain?

Nociceptors

Name all 5 Sensory Receptors?

(Mechanics Try Photographing Chemo Noses)
Mechanoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Photoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Nociceptors

Survival depends upon what 2 parts of sensory processing?

Sensation, perception

What is Sensation?

Awareness of changes in environments

What is Perception?

Conscious interpretation of stimuli

What are the 3 levels of Neural Integration in Sensory Systems?

Receptor level, Circuit level, Perceptual level

What are the two steps for processing at the receptor level?

Generating a signal, Transduction

What is transduction?

Stimulus energy converting into graded potential

How many, and what are the sensory neurons at the circuit level?

3, First-order, Second-order, Third-order

What Sensory Neuron conducts impulses to spinal reflexes or second-order neurons?

First-order sensory neurons

What Sensory Neuron transmits impulses to Third-order sensory neurons?

Second-order sensory neurons

What Sensory Neuron Transmits impulses from Thalamus to Somatosensory Cortex?

Third-order Sensory Neurons

what is a bundle of myelinated and nonmyelinated peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue?

Nerve

What are the two types of nerves?

Spinal, Cranial

What structure contains neuron cell bodies for PNS nerves?

Ganglia

What is the loose connective tissue that encloses axons and thier myelin sheaths?

Endoneurium

What is nerve tissue that bundles nerve fibers into fascicles?

Perineurium

What nerve tissue surrounds all fascicles to form nerve?

Epineurium

What nerve classification sends impulses only toward CNS?

Sensory (afferent) Nerves

What nerve classification sends impulse only away from CNS?

Motor (efferent) Nerves

What nerve classification sends impulses both to and from CNS?

Mixed Nerves

How many pairs of Cranial Nerves are there?

10 mixed and 2 sensory

How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are there?

31 all mixed

What nerves supply all body parts except for head and part of neck?

Spinal Nerves

Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord via which two roots?

Ventral (efferent), Dorsal (afferent)

What PNS element activates effectors by releasing neurotransmitters?

Motor endings

What 3 structures do motor endings innervate?

Skeletal muscle, visceral muscle, glands

What two structures are the ultimate planners and coordinators of complex motor activities?

Cerebellum, Basal nuclei

List the hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest

(Semen PeePee)

Segmental level, Projection level, Precommand level.

What reflexes are rapid and involuntary responses to stimulus?

Inborn (intrinsic) reflex

What reflexes result from practice or repetition?

Learned (acquired) reflexes

What are the 5 components of a reflex arc?

(Reception Sensors Integrate Morons Effectively

Receptor, Sensory neuron, Integration center, Motor neuron, Effector

How are reflexes classified functionally?

Somatic reflexes or Autonomic (visceral) reflexes

What reflexes occur without direct involvement of higher brain centers?

Spinal reflexes

Stretch, flexor, and superficial are what type of reflexes?

Spinal reflexes

What reflex maintains muscle tone in large postural muscles?

Stretch reflex

What reflex is initiated by painful stimulus?

Flexor (withdrawal) reflex

What sign is it when motor cortex or corticospinal tracts casues abnormal plantar reflex?

Babinski’s sign

Autonomic Nervous system consists of motor neurons that do what two things?

innervate muscle/glands, and Operate subconsciously

Difference in Somatic nervous system and ANS effector innervation?

Somatic: Innervates Skeletal muscle

Autonomic: Innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Difference in SNS and ANS efferent pathways and Ganglia?

Somatic: single CNS axon direct to skeletal muscle

Autonomic: Pathway uses two neuron chain

What nervous system has pathways that use a two neuron chain?

Autonomic Nervous System

What are the neurons in the ANS two Neuron chain?

Preganglionic neuron(extends to ganglion), Postganglionic neuron(extends to effector organ)

Difference between SNS and ANS neurotransmitters?

Somatic: All neurons release ACH; always stimulatory
Autonomic: release norepinephrine or ACH; either stimulatory or inhibitory

What ANS fibers always release ACH?

Preganglionic

What ANS fibers release both Norepinephrine or ACH?

Postganglionic

What are the 3 overlaps in SNS and ANS function?

1. Brain regulates and coordinates both

2. Spinal and cranial nerves contain both fibers

3. Adaptations involve both skeletal and visceral

What are the two arms of ANS?

Parasympathetic division, Sympathetic division

Which ANS division is “fight or flight”?

Sympathetic division

Opposite effects caused by visceral organs being served by both Parasympathetic and Sympathetic divisions is called what?

Dual Innervation

What is the role of Parasympathetic division?

Keep energy use low during maintenance activities

What ANS division mobilizes body during activity?

Sympathetic division

What ANS division increases HR, causes dry mouth, and dilates pupils during emergency?

Sympathetic division

What ANS division shunts blood to skeletal muscle, dilates bronchioles, and causes liver to release glucose during vigorous physical activity?

Sympathetic division

What are the 3 key anatomical differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

Sites, fiber length, Location of ganglia

What are the site/origin differences between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions?

Parasympathetic: fibers are Craniosacral

Sympathetic: fibers are Thoracolumbar

Which ANS division has long preganlionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers?

Parasympathetic

Which ANS division has short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers?

Sympathetic

What reflex arc has the same components as Somatic reflex arc?

Visceral reflex arc

What type of reflexes are those that empty bladder, empty rectum, and refer pain?

Visceral reflex

What are the major neurotransmitters of ANS?

Acetylcholine(ACh), norepinephrine(NE)

What fiber releases ACh?

Cholinergic fibers

What fiber releases NE?

Adrenergic fibers

What type of innervation do most visceral organs have?

Dual innervation

Action potentials firing down both Parasympathetic and Sympathetic systems simultaneously produce what?

Antagonistic interaction

What is the result of both ANS divisions being constantly partially active?

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic tone

During Dynamic Antagonism what division increases HR and respiration and inhibits digestion?

Sympathetic

During Dynamic Antagonism which division decreases HR and respiration and allows for digestion and defection?

Parasympathetic division

Almost all blood vessel smooth muscle is innervated by what?

Sympathetic fibers only

What division controls blood pressure even at rest?

Sympathetic division

If blood pressure drops how does ANS respond?

Sympathetic fibers fire faster to increase blood vessel constriction

If blood pressure rises how does ANS respond?

Sympathetic fibers fire slower to cause less blood vessel constriction

Heart, digestive tracts, and urinary tracts always being slightly activated is exhibiting what?

Parasympathetic tone

What ANS division tends to elicit short lived and highly localized control over effectors?

Parasympathetic division

What ANS division tends to be longer lasting and elicit body-wide effects?

Sympathetic division

What would ACh being quickly destroyed by acetylcholinesterase be an example of?

Parasympathetic localized effects

What is main integrative center in ANS activity?

Hypothalamus

What 4 CNS centers help control ANS?

Brain stem, Spinal cord, Hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex

What causes hypertension?

Overactive sympathetic vasoconstrictor response

What is Raynaud’s disease?

Exaggerated vasoconstriction in in fingers and toes

How is Hypertension treated?

Adrenergic receptor blocking drugs

How is Raynaud’s disease treated?

Vasodilators

What is the Vagus nerve classified as?

Parasympathetic

How many pairs of Cervical nerves are there?

8 pairs