Test #2 Flash Cards

Chapter 13 and 14 Flash cards

What are the 4 parts of the PNS?

Sensory Receptors, Transmission Lines, Motor endings and activity, Reflex activity

What part of PNS is specialized to respond to stimuli?

Sensory Receptors

which of the following occurs only in the brain?

sensation, perception

which sensory receptor responds to touch?

Mechanoreceptors

which sensory receptor responds to temperature changes?

Thermoreceptors

Which sensory receptors responds to light?

Photoreceptors

Which sensory receptors respond to chemicals (Smell, Taste)

Chemoreceptors

Which sensory receptors respond to pain?

Nociceptors

Name all 5 Sensory Receptors?

(Mechanics Try Photographing Chemo Noses)
Mechanoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Photoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Nociceptors

Survival depends upon what 2 parts of sensory processing?

Sensation, perception

What is Sensation?

Awareness of changes in environments

What is Perception?

Conscious interpretation of stimuli

What are the 3 levels of Neural Integration in Sensory Systems?

Receptor level, Circuit level, Perceptual level

What are the two steps for processing at the receptor level?

Generating a signal, Transduction

What is transduction?

Stimulus energy converting into graded potential

How many, and what are the sensory neurons at the circuit level?

3, First-order, Second-order, Third-order

What Sensory Neuron conducts impulses to spinal reflexes or second-order neurons?

First-order sensory neurons

What Sensory Neuron transmits impulses to Third-order sensory neurons?

Second-order sensory neurons

What Sensory Neuron Transmits impulses from Thalamus to Somatosensory Cortex?

Third-order Sensory Neurons

what is a bundle of myelinated and nonmyelinated peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue?

Nerve

What are the two types of nerves?

Spinal, Cranial

What structure contains neuron cell bodies for PNS nerves?

Ganglia

What is the loose connective tissue that encloses axons and thier myelin sheaths?

Endoneurium

What is nerve tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles?

Perineurium

What nerve tissue surrounds all fascicles to form nerve?

Epineurium

What nerve classification sends impulses only toward CNS?

Sensory (afferent) Nerves

What nerve classification sends impulse only away from CNS?

Motor (efferent) Nerves

What nerve classification sends impulses both to and from CNS?

Mixed Nerves

How many pairs of Cranial Nerves are there?

10 mixed and 2 sensory

How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are there?

31 all mixed

What nerves supply all body parts except for head and part of neck?

Spinal Nerves

Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord via which two roots?

Ventral (efferent), Dorsal (afferent)

What PNS element activates effectors by releasing neurotransmitters?

Motor endings

What 3 structures do motor endings innervate?

Skeletal muscle, visceral muscle, glands

What two structures are the ultimate planners and coordinators of complex motor activities?

Cerebellum, Basal nuclei

List the hierarchy of motor control form lowest to highest

Segmental level, Projection level, Precommand level.

What reflexes are rapid and involuntary responses to stimulus?

Inborn (intrinsic) reflex

What reflexes result from practice or repetition?

Learned (acquired) reflexes

What are the 5 components of a reflex arc?

Receptor, Sensory neuron, Integration center, Motor neuron, Effector

How are reflexes classified functionally?

Somatic reflexes or Autonomic (visceral) reflexes

What reflexes occur without direct involvement of higher brain centers?

Spinal reflexes

Stretch, flexor, and superficial are what type of reflexes?

Spinal reflexes

What reflex maintains muscle tone in large postural muscles?

Stretch reflex

What reflex is initiated by painful stimulus?

Flexor (withdrawal) reflex

What sign is it when motor cortex or corticospinal tracts casues abnormal plantar reflex?

Babinski’s sign