ap psychology - positive psychology, motivation/emotion

subjective well-being

expressing gratitude, a positive subjective experience, can enhance subjective well-being

feel good do good phenomenon

people tend to be more helpful when they are in a good mood, and doing good promotes good feelings

adaptation level hypothesis

our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our experiences

relative deprivation

the perception that we are worse off relative those with whom we compare ourselves

broaden and build theory

positive emotions broaden awareness, which over time helps build skills and resilience that boost well-being

posttraumatic growth

positive psychological changes experienced as a result of struggling with highly challenging life circumstances, leading to a higher level of personal or interpersonal functioning

positive emotions

feelings that foster enjoyment, interest, and contentment; and contribute to overall well-being and happiness

wisdom courage humanity justice temperance transcendence

six categories of virtues

positive well-being

satisfaction with the past, happiness with the present, and optimism about the future

positive traits

focuses on exploring and enhancing creativity, courage, compassion, integrity, etc.

positive groups, communities, and cultures

seeks to foster a positive social ecology - healthy families, neighborhoods, schools, socially responsible media and civil dialogue

instinct theory

all thought and action resuls from instincts like curiosity, aggression, and socialbility

drive-reduction theory

we always want to return to homeostasis, the body’s tendency to maintain a steady state of metabolism

incentive theory

we are pulled by environmental factors (incentives) that have little to do with biology

arousal theory

we all have optimal levels of stimulation we strive to maintain, and people seek pleasure and avoid displeasure. arousal is influenced by situational factors

sensation-seeking theory

motivation is driven by the need for novel, intense, and varied experiences

self-determination theory

we strive to satisfy three needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness, fulfilling these needs boosts health and self-esteem

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

we have five categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization

extrinsic motivation

desire to perform an activity to obtain a reward from outside the individual

intrinsic motivation

doing something for its own sake rather than for an external reward

overjustification effect

phenomenon where offering external rewards for activities people already enjoy can decrease their intrinsic motivation

thrill seeking

component of sensation seeking theory where individuals are motivated by desire for intense and exciting experiences, often involving risk

adventure seeking

component of sensation seeking theory where individuals are motivated by a desire for new, challenging experiences often involving physical activities and exploration

disinhibition

tendency to seek out social and experiential thrills by engaging in behaviors typically restrained by social norms and inhibitions

boredom susceptibility

an individual’s intolerance for repetitive or monotonous experiences leading them to seek out stimulating activities to avoid boredom

affiliation

the need to be with others, most often felt when threatened, anxious, or celebratory

ostracism

the act of excluding or ignoring an individual from a social group or interaction

happiness

face-to-face communication is a better predictor of…

actual personality than ideal personality

a study found that facebook profiles are a better measure of…

narcissism

more activity on social media indicates higher scores on measure of…

achievement motivation

desire to meet some internalized standard of excellence

chemistry, hypothalamus, set point, metabolism, and genetics

physiological factors of hunger

taste preferences, cultural considerations, eating disorders

psychological factors of hunger

emotion

a feeling state involving physiology, behavior, and cognition

james-lange theory

emotions are a result of our interpretation of physiological reactions to stimuli

cannon-bard theory

emotional experiences and physiological reactions occur simultaneously and independently, rather than one causing the other

schachter two factor theory

emotions are the result of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal within a specific context

zajonc and ledoux

psychologists who theorized emotions can precede cognition

lazarus

psychologist who theorized emotions require cognitive appraisal

right

which frontal lobe activity is associated wtih negative emotions?

left

which frontal lobe activity is associated wtih positive moods?

display rules

emotional expressions can vary among cultures with different triggers and display rules on how much emotion to expresss

facial feedback hypothesis

tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

behavior feedback phenomenon

tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

opponent-process theory

proposes that emotions and motivational states have an opposite counterpart that gets activated after the initial emotion fades