Unit 2 Amendments + others

22nd Amendment

Limits president do 2 terms in office (if vp takes officer for 2 years +, it counts as a term)

12th amendment

Electors in electoral college will cast separate votes for the president and vice president

20th amendment

Moved inauguration day from March to January

25th amendment

Describes succession of a president (ex cause: Death, disability)

Implied powers come from the 

Necessary and Proper Clause

Fillibuster

Used to stall or kill legislation

Cloture

Vote of 60 that ends fillibuster

Pork Barrel Spending

A member of congress obtains funding for their constituents

Congressional override

2/3 vote to override a veto

Gridlock

when Congress struggles to pass bills

Reapportionment

Done every ten years for congressional represenation

Redistricting

Redrawing congressional maps after reapportionment has taken place. The majority party in state legislatures has redistricting power

Gerrymandering

Drawing congressional map in a way that benefits your own party and hurts the other

Baker v. Carr (1962)

Adresses redistricting gerrymandering

Shaw v. Reno

Addresses racial gerrymandering

Formal Powers

Stated in constitution

Informal powers

Not stated in constitution

Line item veto

President limits part of a bill

Federalist #78:

Described judicial review and explained how the Supreme Court would be independent from the other 2 branches (meaning not as powerful as some feared)

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

The case that established judicial review.

Judicial Review

The power of the court to declare laws by Congress and presidential actions unconstitutional

Precedent

Using previous court decisions when deciding cases with similar facts

Stare decisis

“Let the decision stand,”

Rule of Four

Cases do not get heard by the Supreme Court unless 4 justices agree to hear the case. (not in the constitution)

Petition for Cert

A petition filed by an individual or group that asks the court for an appeal

Original vs Appelate

Straight to supreme court vs. Appealled from lower courts

Patronage/ Spoils system:

Hiring personal friends of the president to executive branch jobs as a reward for their loyalty

Congressional Oversight

Congress supervises the bureaucracy and bureaucratic agencies are accountable to Congress.

Delegated Discretionary authority

Describes how bureaucratic agencies have some freedom in how they enforce laws/regulations

Power of the Purse

Spending power of congress (ex. fund bureaucracies)

What power does Congress and the President share over agencies and departments in the federal bureaucracy?

Budgeting