13._Liver_study_guide
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Last updated 9:21 PM on 3/11/25
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44 Terms
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Hepatobiliary System
The organ system that includes the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts.
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Hepatic artery
The artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver.
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Portal vein
The vein that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver.
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Hepatic vein
The vein that drains deoxygenated blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava.
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Hepatic lobule
The functional unit of the liver composed of hepatocytes arranged in rows.
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Hepatocytes
The functional cells of the liver responsible for metabolic processes.
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Sinusoids
Specialized capillaries in the liver that receive blood from the hepatic artery and portal vein.
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Kupffer cells
Specialized macrophages located in the liver that filter blood and remove pathogens.
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Bile canaliculi
Ducts between hepatocytes that transport bile to larger bile ducts.
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Hepatic duct
The duct that carries bile out of the liver.
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Cystic duct
The duct that carries bile to and from the gallbladder.
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Common bile duct
The duct formed by the joining of the hepatic duct and cystic duct.
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Ampulla of Vater
The junction where the common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct.
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Sphincter of Oddi
Muscle that regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum.
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Bile salts
Compounds derived from cholesterol that are essential for the digestion and absorption of fats.
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Bilirubin
A pigment released during the breakdown of red blood cells, which is processed by the liver.
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Conjugated bilirubin
Water-soluble form of bilirubin that is excreted in bile.
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CHO Metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism that regulates blood glucose levels and energy storage.
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Gluconeogenesis
The process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, primarily amino acids.
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Urea
A waste product formed in the liver from ammonia, which is excreted in urine.
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Triglycerides
A type of fat that is broken down in the liver into fatty acids and glycerol.
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Phagocytosis
The process by which Kupffer cells engulf and digest pathogens and foreign particles.
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Cirrhosis
Scarring of the liver tissue resulting from chronic liver diseases,
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Viral hepatitis A
A liver infection caused by the Hepatitis A virus, transmitted via fecal-oral route.
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Hepatitis B
A liver infection caused by the Hepatitis B virus, transmitted via blood and body fluids.
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Hepatitis C
A liver infection caused by the Hepatitis C virus, primarily transmitted via blood.
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Anti-HCV
Antibody that indicates current or past Hepatitis C infection.
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Liver function tests
Tests that assess the proper function of the liver by measuring enzyme levels and other substances in the blood.
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ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase)
An enzyme primarily found in the liver, elevated levels indicate liver damage.
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AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase)
An enzyme found in the liver and other tissues; elevated levels may indicate liver injury.
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Serum protein levels
Measurement of proteins in the blood, including albumin, which can indicate liver function.
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Prothrombin time
A test that measures the time it takes for blood to clot; lengthened time may indicate liver dysfunction.
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Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
An enzyme linked to biliary function; elevated levels suggest bile flow obstruction.
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Fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, and K, which require bile for absorption.
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Cytochrome P450 system
A family of enzymes in liver cells that detoxify various substances.
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Hepatoviruses
Viruses that specifically target liver cells, causing liver inflammation.
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
A condition characterized by the accumulation of fat in liver cells not caused by alcohol.
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Autoimmune hepatitis
An inflammation of the liver caused by the immune system attacking liver cells.
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Cholesterol metabolism
Processes involved in synthesizing, recycling, and eliminating cholesterol in the body.
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Hepatocyte regeneration
The process by which liver cells reproduce following damage.
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Hepatitis D
A liver infection caused by the Hepatitis D virus, which only occurs in those infected with Hepatitis B.
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Hepatitis E
A liver infection caused by the Hepatitis E virus, primarily transmitted through contaminated water.
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Convalescent phase
The recovery phase following an illness, including hepatitis.
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Incubation period
The time between exposure to a virus and the appearance of symptoms.
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