final sensstion and perceptiok review hopfeully jesus

: What is sensation

A: The process of receiving sensory information from the environment through receptors.

: What is perception

A: The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information to make it meaningful.

: What are receptor processes

A: Ways sensory receptors react when stimulated.

: What are receptor cells

A: Specialized cells that detect sensory energy.

: What is transduction

A: The conversion of physical energy into neural signals.

: What tastes can the tongue detect

A: Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami.

: Where are the different tastes detected on the tongue

A: Sweet at the tip, salty and sour on the sides, bitter at the back, umami all over but often center/back.

: What are the parts of the eye

A: Cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, fovea, optic nerve, blind spot.

: What is the function of the cornea

A: Bends incoming light.

: What is the function of the pupil

A: Allows light to enter.

: What is the function of the iris

A: Controls how much light enters.

: What is the function of the lens

A: Focuses light onto the back of the eye.

: What is the function of the retina

A: Detects light using rods and cones.

: What is the function of the fovea

A: Provides sharp central vision.

: What is the function of the optic nerve

A: Carries visual information to the brain.

: What is the blind spot

A: An area with no photoreceptors.

: What is nearsightedness (myopia)

A: Distant objects appear blurry because light focuses in front of the retina due to an overly curved cornea or long eyeball.

: What is farsightedness (hyperopia)

A: Close objects appear blurry because light focuses behind the retina due to a flat cornea or short eyeball.

: What is astigmatism

A: Distorted vision caused by uneven curvature of the eye.

: What is a distal stimulus

A: The actual object in the environment being perceived.

: What are bipolar cells

A: Cells that pass signals from rods and cones onward.

: What are ganglion cells

A: Cells that send visual signals out of the eye to the brain.

: What is parallel processing

A: Handling multiple visual features at the same time.

: What are feature detectors

A: Neurons that respond to specific visual patterns.

: What is the trichromatic theory

A: Color vision depends on three types of cones sensitive to different wavelengths.

: What is the opponent process theory

A: Color perception is based on opposing color pairs.

: What is sensory adaptation

A: Decreased sensitivity after constant exposure to a stimulus.

: What are the parts of the ear

A: Pinna, ear canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, cochlea, basilar membrane, semicircular canals, auditory nerve.

: What is the function of the pinna

A: Collects sound waves.

: What is the function of the ear canal

A: Directs sound inward.

: What is the tympanic membrane

A: A thin structure that vibrates when sound hits it.

: What is the function of the ossicles

A: Amplify vibrations.

: What is the function of the cochlea

A: Changes vibrations into neural signals.

: What is the basilar membrane

A: Responds to different sound frequencies.

: What is pitch

A: How high or low a sound is.

: What is timbre

A: The quality that makes sounds different even at the same pitch.

: What is intensity

A: The loudness of a sound.

: What is sound localization

A: The ability to determine where sound originates.

: What is place theory

A: Different pitches activate different locations along the membrane.

: What is conduction deafness

A: Hearing loss caused by problems in sound transmission.

: What is sensorineural deafness

A: Hearing loss caused by damage to inner ear structures or nerves.

: What are the parts of the nose

A: Nostrils, nasal cavity, olfactory receptors, olfactory bulb.

: What is the function of olfactory receptors

A: Detect chemical odor molecules.

: What is the function of the olfactory bulb

A: Sends smell information to the brain.

: What are the parts of the tongue

A: Papillae, taste buds, gustatory receptors.

: What is the function of taste buds

A: Contain receptors that detect taste chemicals.

: What are the parts of the skin

A: Free nerve endings, Meissner corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, thermoreceptors.

: What is the function of free nerve endings

A: Detect pain and temperature.

: What is the function of Meissner corpuscles

A: Detect light touch.

: What is the function of Pacinian corpuscles

A: Detect deep pressure and vibration.

: What is the function of thermoreceptors

A: Detect changes in temperature.

: What is relative size

A: Objects farther away appear smaller.

: What is texture gradient

A: Surface details become smoother with distance.

: What is linear perspective

A: Parallel lines appear to meet as they recede.

: What is a vanishing point

A: The point where parallel lines appear to converge.

: What is aerial perspective

A: Haze causes distant objects to appear farther away.

: What is the phi phenomenon

A: An illusion of movement created by rapidly changing images.

: What did Gibson and Walk study

A: Depth perception in infants using a visual cliff.

: What is size constancy

A: Objects are perceived as the same size even when distance changes.

: What is depth perception

A: The ability to judge distance and space.

: What is bottom-up processing

A: Perception that starts with sensory input.

: What are Gestalt principles

A: Rules explaining how we organize sensory information.

: What is figure-ground

A: Separating an object from its background.

: What is proximity

A: Items close together are seen as a group.

: What is closure

A: Missing parts are mentally filled in.

: What is similarity

A: Objects that look alike are grouped together.

: What is simplicity (Prägnanz)

A: The simplest form is perceived.

: What is continuity

A: Smooth patterns are preferred.

: What is an ambiguous figure

A: An image with more than one possible interpretation.

: What is signal detection theory

A: Explains how stimuli are noticed amid distractions.

: What is the absolute threshold for vision

A: A candle flame seen at 30 miles on a dark clear night.

: What is the absolute threshold for hearing

A: The tick of a watch under quiet conditions at 20 feet.

: What is the absolute threshold for taste

A: One teaspoon of sugar dissolved in 2 gallons of water.

: What is the absolute threshold for smell

A: One drop of perfume diffused into the volume of an entire room.

: What is the absolute threshold for touch

A: The wing of a bee falling on your cheek from 1 centimeter.

: What is JND

A: The smallest noticeable difference between stimuli.

: What is Weber’s Law

A: The noticeable difference depends on the original intensity.