Biology: bacteria and archaea

Bacteria

5 RNA polymerase units, peptidoglycan in cell walls. formylmethianine in protein synthesis, rotating flagella, unbranched fatty acids in membrane, circle chromosone

Archea

many RNA polymerase, methionine in protein synthesis, histones present , hydrocarbon tails of isoprene in plasma membrame, rotating flagella, circle chromosone, 10+ RNA polymerase subunits

Differences of archaea and bacteria

membranes, cell walls, DNA/RNA polymerase, ribosomes

Antibiotics

target bacterial ribosomes

Microbes

bacteria or archaea mostly, very diverse

Prokaryotes

more abundant

Extremophiles

live in extreme habitats

Koch's Postulates

1. microbe present in sick, not healthy

2. microbe isolated and grown in pure culture

3. pure culture causes disease in healthy host

4. same microbe reisolated

Germ Theory

infectious disease caused by microbes spread person to person, insects/animals and contaminated food/water

Endospores

tough, dormant structures some pathogenic bacteria can produce, resists stress

Biofilm

bacteria that protects against antibiotics

Bacteria diversity

size, shape, arrangement, motility (rotating flagella)

Bacteria gram positive strain

purple, thick peptidoglycan

Bacteria gram negative strain

pink, thin peptidoglycan and outer phospholipid bilayer

Bacteria and Archea produce ATP through

phototrophs (light energy), chemoorganotrophs (chemical carbon feeders) chemolithotrophs (chemical rock feeders)

Autotroph

self feeder

Heterotroph

other feeders

Methanotrophs

some bacteria are methane eaters

Methanogens

some bacteria produce methane as a by product of cellular respiration

Cyanobacteria

first organism to perform oxygenic photosynthesis

Actinobacteria

important decomposers of dead plant and animals

Chlamydiae

parasitic endosymbionts- living inside host cells

Firmicutes

aid digestive process

Proteobacteria

several cause disease, others cycle nitrogen atoms through ecosystems

Spirochaetes

unique flagella and cockscrew shape

Crearchaeota

hot and high pressure environment

Euryarachaeota

broad

Thaumarchaeota

moderate temperatures

Plasma/cell membrane

barrier regulating what substances enter/exit cell

Carl Woese

established modern 3 domains

MRCA of all life

prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

whiplike flagella, unbranched fatty acids in membrane, line chromosomes usually paired, nuclear envelope, frequently multicellular, 10+ RNA polymerase subunits

Coccus shape

circle

Coccobacillus shape

spherical

Bacilus shape

rod

Vibiro shape

comma

Prebiotic

feeds microbes in body

Probiotic

adds microbes to body

Antibiotic

kills microbes