Zoology final

What are the basic characteristics of Life?

1. biogenesis
2. organization
3. sensitivity
4. metabolism
5. homeostasis
6. movement
7. reproduction
8. life stages

Biogenesis

originates from an organism (asexual) or organisms (sexual) of the same species, not spontaneously.

Organization

composed of one or more cells of the same basic types of atoms and molecules

Sensitivity

responds to stimuli

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Metabolism

require energy and produce waste products

Homeostasis

maintaining stable internal conditions different from surroundings

Movement

capable of self-generated movement of some type

Reproduction

capable of reproducing

Life Stages

growth and development processes; beginning, growth, maturity, decline, and death

What is life?

Life is the capacity for self-motion (nutrition, growth, decay→ self-initiated & self-directed change)

Hierarchy of Life:

1. elements
2. molecules
3. macromolecules
4. cells
5. tissues
6. organs
7. organisms
8. populations
9. communities
10. ecosystems
11. biomes
12. biospheres

DNA

genetic code for proteins, only found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells but free floating in prokaryotic cells

RNA

serves as the messenger and organizer for building proteins

Cell Theory

1. All living things are composed of cells and their products
2. cells are the basic unit of life

Embryogenesis

Germ layers of cells form that become the external covering and internal structures as an animal develops from a fertilized egg

– When development ends with the invagination, the mouth and anus are at the same place (one opening)

Germ Layers

1. Ectoderm
2. Endoderm
3. Mesoderm

Ectoderm

Outer germ layer

Endoderm

Invaginates to for the gastrocoel (the cavity formed w/ opening called blastopore)

Mesoderm

during gastrulation some cells migrate inward to form a 3rd layer b/t the endoderm and ectoderm

Diploblasitc

All Cnidaria have two layers of cells

Triploblastic

Other animals have three layers of cells.

Body Symmetry

geometric design of the parts in an animals body


1. Asymmetry
2. Spherical Symmetry
3. Radial Symmetry
4. Bilateral Symmetry

Asymmetry

body lacks any definite form or geometry

Spherical Symmetry

basically round w/ its parts concentrically arranged around a central point.

Radial Symmetry

parts arranged around and radiate outward from central axis that is shaped like pie, wheel, or column

Bilateral Symmetry

two-sided; one side of body mirrors other

Cephalization

development of a head w/ a concentration of sensory organs and a brain. Allows for better motility.

Innate Behavior

Instinctive

any behavior that is stereotypical of the species. All individuals repeat the behavior in a predictable series of steps

Imprinting

learning to recognize and bond to members of your own species


1. Filial Imprinting
2. Sexual Imprinting

Filial Imprinting

young animals learn what their parent “looks like” and bonds with them.

Sexual Imprinting

young animal learns the characteristics of a desirable mate

Territorial Behavior

When an organism expend energy to exclude others of its species from an area.

For:


1. food
2. mates
3. protection

Home Range

area patrolled by mammal regularly, but doesn’t exclude other individuals

Mating Behaviors

Determined by patterns of interactions b/t males and females

4 Main Types:


1. Monogamy
2. Polygamy
3. Polygyny
4. Polyandry

Monogamy

one male and one female at a time

Polygamy

males and females have more than one mate

Polygyny

males mate with more than one female

Polyandry

females mate with more than one male

De Buffon

Had no mechanism for change but believed in natural change

Lamarck

inheritance of characteristics caused by environment, need, & behavior

Lyell

principle of geology: slow acting forces have altered earth over time

What year is Darwin’s book?

1860-1882 writes book

common descent

all forms of life descended from a common ancestor through branching lineage

gradualism

many small increments changes over long periods of time generate the large anatomical differences of various species

natural selection

individuals of a species have variations within traits from each other, those with traits allow them to best use the changing environment will survive better and those traits will be dominate in future generations- ‘survival of the fittest’


1. produce more then will survive
2. competition (limited resources)
3. Variations that provide advantages and produce a new species

What mechanism in nature corresponds to selecting hand of man?

Perpetual Change

Natural selection is analogous to what?

look alike because of the survival of the fittest

Homology

study of similarities of features based on descent from a common ancestor

Analogy

the development of similar looking structures by the adapting to similar environments through convergent evolution

Microevolution

change of gene frequency with a population over time, even short periods of time, even short periods of time

Macroevolution

the pattern seen in the tree of life populations are transformed into new species by accumulation micro-evolutionary differences

Mutation

a change in the DNA of an organism, usually occurring because of errors in perlication or repair

Speciation

Genetic Drift

random change

Bottleneck

decrease in population, when it increase there is less genetic diversity

Founder Effect

small number of individuals splinters from a larger population

Gene Flow

genes flow from one population to another

What is taxonomy? who is the founder of modern taxonomy?

scientific classification grouping

nomen name of living things

Binomial Nomenclature

developed by Carlos Linnaeus to replace the multiple name system

each species has a name made up of Genus and Species

3 classes of porifera

1. Demospongiae
2. Calcarea
3. Hexactinellida

Demospongiae

most diverse, containing 90% of all living sponges

Calcarea

Calcareous sponges

Spicules

s (skeletal elements) composed of calcareous or siliceous crystalline combined w/ spongin (modified collagen fibers)

– Maintains structure, hold pores open and keep sponge shape.

Choanocytes

Collar Cells

Amoebocytes

totipotent cells

Sexual Reproduction

can be external or internal fertilization eggs and sperm; larvae are ciliated and free-swimming

Asexual Reproduction

budding, fragmentation, or gemmules

Aquiferous System

compensates for lack of tissues and organs in gaining nutrients

Osculum

large excurrent opening at top (“door”)

Spongeocoel

interior cavity that opens to the outside through the osculum (“sponge cavity”/atria)

Choanocytes

traps small food particles

Totipotent Cells

repair damage and growth quickly

Plasticity of body form

allows individuals to fill available spaces “quickly” to maximize resources

Three general layers

1. Pinacoderm
2. porocyte
3. choanoderm

Pinacoderm

Outer surface of sponge

Consists of flattened pinacocytes (“skin cells”)

Porocyte

form ring-shaped openings in pinacoderm that bring water in (incurrent pores)

Choanoderm

inner surface of sponges

Consists of flagellated choanocytes

Skeletal Elements

Spicules (produced by the sclerocytes) made of either calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) or silica dioxide (SiO2 )

Spongin: fibrous protein that adds support similar to collagen

3 forms of skeletal structure

1. Asconoid
2. syconoid
3. Leuconoid

Asconoid

simple vase-like shape, always small

Syconoid

fold in and out to form finger-like projections to increase surface area

Leuconoid

increased surface area due to chambers with choanocytes

Very efficient at moving water to allow for large body sizes

Gas Exchange

(O2 in and CO2 out) mainly by simple diffusion

4 class of Cnidaria

1. Hydrozoa
2. Scyphozoa
3. Cubozoa
4. Anthozoa

Hydrozoa

Hydroids

Scyphozoa

true jellyfish

Cubosdzoa

Box jellyfish

Anthozoa

Sea Anemones and Corals

Polyp

Medusa

Epidermis

outer layer of cells

Gastrodermis

inner layer of cells

Mesoglea

acellular material derived from the ectoderm w/ few cells living in it

Cnidae

stinging or adhesive cells

alternation of generation

both sexual and asexual reproduction

Hydrozoa

**includes hydra and hydroids**


1. fixed
2. floated
3. independent

scyphozoa

Skyphos, cup animal

cubozoan

Kybos, cube animal

Life cycle of Aurelia

budding, polyp, strobilation, ephyra, medusa, planula

Anthozoa, what is different?

flower animal