Chapter 12: Energy Metabolism

What is energy metabolism?

the chemical processes by which cells extract energy by breaking down macronutrients

What is ATP?

the form of energy cells can use

What are required substances for energy metabolism?

enzymes, coenzymes, and cofactors

What are enzymes?

made of proteins and speed up chemical reactions in the body

What are coenzymes?

made of B vitamins and are helper molecules: aid enzymes in chemical reactions

What are cofactors?

made of minerals, and are helper molecules that are part of the enzymatic reaction, but not part of the actual enzyme

B vitamins are essential for what breakdown?

micronutrient breakdown

Deficiencies will affect metabolically active tissues such as:

brain, skin, nervous system, GI tract

How many B vitamins are there?

8 total: tend to work together as a group

B-vitamins go by:

numbers and/or names (in bold)

B vitamins & Grains are found in:

the germ and bran (removed in processing)

What does it mean for refined grains to be enriched?

It means that certain B vitamins and iron are added back after processing to replace nutrients lost during refinement.

B vitamin deficencies are ___. Why

rare; its in a lot of foods

What populations are at risk for vitamin B deficiency?

vegans and people with alchol use disorders

Vitamin B is ___-soluble.

water

What is Thiamin (B1) used for?

carbohydrate metabolism and affects nerves and cell membranes

What is Riboflavin (B2)?

lipid metabolism; found in protein, dairy and grains

What is Niacin (B3)?

carbohydrate AND lipid metabolism; common in proteins, grains

• converted from tryptophan

What is Iodine needed for?

throid hormone synthesis, energy metabolism, growth and development

Where is iodine found?

in dairy and grain products

Where is iodine NATURALLY found?

ocean —> seafood and seafweed