A&P2 CHAPT 18 - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

a. what is the command center of the endocrine system?

b. which part of the pituitary is controlled by neural signals from the hypothalamus

c. what structure connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

d. where are the hormones of the posterior pituitary produced

• where are they released?

e. what type of signaling is used to control the posterior pituitary

f. which two hormones are released from the posterior pituitary? alphabetical plz! and “and”

g. which part of the pituitary is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus?

• specific name for this?

h. what structure connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?

i. how does the hypothalamus control hormone release from the anterior pituitary? by sending releasing and inhibiting hormones through the…

j. what type of signaling is used to control the anterior pituitary?

hypothalamus, posterior, hypothalamohypophysial tract, hypothalamus, posterior, neural, ADH and oxytocin, anterior, adenohypophysis, hypothalamopophysial portal system, portal system, hormonal

*identify the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and their actions

• ________

  • Structure: peptide

  • Target tissue: anterior pituitary cells that secrete growth hormone

  • Response: increased growth hormone secretion

• _________

  • Structure: small peptide

  • Target tissue: anterior pituitary cells that secrete growth hormone

  • Response: decreased growth + hormone secretion

• ________

  • Structure: small peptide

  • Target tissue: anterior pituitary cells that secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone

  • Response: increased thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion

• ________

  • Structure: small peptide

  • Target tissue: anterior pituitary cells that secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone

  • Response: increased adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion

• _________

  • Structure: small peptide

  • Target tissue: anterior pituitary cells that secrete luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

  • Response: increased secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

• ______

  • Structure: amino acid derivative

  • Target tissue: anterior pituitary cells that secrete prolactin

  • Res

  • Response: decreased prolactin secretion

  • AKA dopamine

growth hormone-releasing hormone, growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, prolactin-inhibiting hormone

a. what are the two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary and their actions?

• _______:

  • Actions: increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine output and conserving body water. at high concentrations also causes vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure

  • Secretion stimuli: when concentrations of electrolytes increases or if the concentration of water decreased

    • detected by WHAT in the hypothalamus?

    • IF the BP decreases, what is it detected by?

      • What does it signal and to stimulate release of?

• _______:

  • Actions: stimulates uterine contractions during labor

    • Promotes milk letdown from mammary glands

    • Stretching of the uterus and cervix during labor

  • Secretion stimuli:

    • Stretching of the uterus during labor

    • Stimulation of the nipple (i.e during breastfeeding), which sends sensory signals to the hypothalamus > triggers this release

ADH, osmoreceptors, baroreceptors, hypothalamus, ADH, oxytocin

a. _____ a hormone that acts on another hormone

b. _____ a hormone that acts directly on a cell for an action

direct-acting, tropic

a. which of the anterior pituitary hormones works permissively?

b. which of the anterior pituitary hormones is the MOST abundant?

prolactin, growth hormone

a. know the results of hyper secretion of growth hormone:

• ______: a disorder in children before epiphyseal plates close (that is caused by the secretion of abnormally large amounts of GH, resulting in excessive growth

• _____: a disorder that results in the growth of bones in the face, hands, and feet in response to excessive levels of GH in individuals who have stopped growing (after epiphyseal plates have closed

b. know the result of hyposecretion of growth hormone

• ______ : abnormally low levels of GH in children can cause growth impairment also known as growth hormone deficiency)

gigantism, acromegaly, pituitary dwarfism

a. what anatomy is this describing?

• one of the largest endocrine glands

• highly vascular as iodine enters follicular cells via active transport

• only gland that stores hormone

• butterfly shaped gland with two lobes + located anterior to the windpipe below the larynx + connected by a bridge called the _____

b. cells that produce hormones:

• ____: secrete thyroglobulin into lumen of follicle

  • made from amino acid tyrosine and iodine

  • stored in colloid

  • when stimulated, hormones detach from the thyroglobulin and are released into circulation

  • produces (T4) and (t3) which regulate ______

• _____: secrete calcitonin which reduces Ca2+ in body fluids when Ca levels are elevated

Thyroid gland, Isthmus, follicular cells, metabolism, parafollicular cells

(SAy thyroid yes) Know the actions of the thyroid and parathyroid hormones

-   Thyroid hormones

o   Thyroid hormone increases metabolism of all body tissues

o   Stimulated the production of heat in the body – important for maintaining body temperature

o   It is involved in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism

o   Thyroid hormone plays an important role in development of CNS in late fetal and post-natal development + similar to GH on bone development and maturation

o   Required for normal development of teeth, skin, hair, and plays a role in development of cardiovascular system and nervous system

o   Calcitonin: produced by parafollicular cells

§  Its secretion is triggered by high Ca2+ concentration in the blood; acts to decrease Ca2+ concentration + primary target tissue: bone

§  Action: protection of young children and infants against hypercalcemia after a meal

§  Decreases osteoclast activity

§  Lengthens life span of osteoblasts

-   Parathyroid hormones: regulates calcium levels in the blood. Secreted when blood Ca2+ is low. The target tissues are bone, kidneys, & intestines.

o   Increases blood calcium and phosphate levels

o   Stimulates osteoclasts

o   Promotes calcium reabsorption by kidneys and PO4 excretion

o   Increases synthesis of vitamin D which, in turn, increases absorption of Ca and PO4 by intestines. Net loss of PO4 under influence of PTH

o   Regulation depends on calcium levels

thyroid yes

a. what is thyroglobulin (T3 AND T4) made from (say and + alphabetical)

iodine and tyrosine

a. ____: due to lack of iodine - thyroid enlarges

b. ____: bulging eyes & hyper secretion of thyroid hormone

goiter, grave’s disease

a. what are the 2 main hormones regulating blood calcium levels?

• ______ (from thyroid parafollicular cells)

• _____ (from parathyroid chief cells) - no abbreviation

b: when blood calcium is too high, what hormone is released?

• from what? be specific!

c: what is the action of calcitonin?

• raises/lowers blood calcium

• ______ osteoclasts

• promotes ___ ___ in the ___

d: what hormone is secreted when blood calcium is low? no abbreviation

• from what? be specific

e: what are the actions of PTH?

• raises/lowers blood calcium

• ______ osteoclasts

• increases calcium reabsorption by kidneys

• increases phosphate excretion by kidneys

• stimulates vita synthesis

calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, thyroid parafollicular cells, lowers, inhibits, calcium storage, bone, parathyroid hormone, parathyroid chief cells, raises, stimulates

• know the three zones of the adrenal cortex and what hormones are secreted from each.

  • ______: produces mineralocorticoids

    • Hormone: _____

    • Action: ___ rate of sodium reabsorption by kidneys which ____ blood sodium levels and helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance

  • _____: produces glucocorticoids

    • Hormone: ____

    • Action: increases fat and protein breakdown + increases glucose synthesis + decreases inflammatory response

  • _____: produces adrenal androgens

    • Hormone: ____

    • Action: converted to testosterone by peripheral tissues. in females, these androgens stimulate pubic and axillary hair growth and sexual drive in females

zona glomerulosa, aldosterone, increases, raises, zona fasciculata, cortisol, zona reticularis, weak androgens

say hyposecretion • Know the disorder caused by hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids, aldosterone,

what happens, and its name.

-   Hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids/ especially aldosterone can occur due to removal of dysfunction of the adrenal gland, or be part of Addison disease, which involves low levels of both aldosterone and cortisol

o   Symptoms:

§  Hyponatremia – low sodium in the blood

§  Hyperkalemia- high potassium in the blood

§  Acidosis- decreased blood pH

§  Low blood (hypotension

§  Tremors & Tetany due to electrolyte imbalanceS

hyposecretion

SAY YES GLUCOSE

Know the disorder caused by hypersecretion of glucocorticoids, cortisol, what

happens and its name.

happens and its name.

-   Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids: it would cause a tumor in the gkand or Cushing syndrome (high cortisol and androgens)

o   Symptoms:

§  Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels; adrenal diabetes; leads to diabetes mellitus)

§  Depressed immune system

§  Destruction of tissue proteins, causing muscle atrophy and weakness, osteoporosis, weak capillaries (easy bruising), thin skin, and impaired wound healing; mobilization

§  Redistribution of lipids, causing depletion of adipose tissue, from limbs and deposition in face (moon face), neck (buffalo hump), and abdomen (Cushing syndrome) emotional effects (euphoria & depression)

yes glucose

a. what happens with hypo secretion and hyper secretion of adrenal androgens in women?

• ______ of adrenal androgens: reduction of pubic and axillary hair

• _____ of adrenal androgens: it would cause a tumor in gland or adrenogenital syndrome

  • Symptoms: hirsutism (excessive facial and body hair), acne, increased sex drive, regression of breast tissue, and loss of regular menstruation

hyposecretion, hypersecretion

a. epinephrine and norepinephrine are stimulated by ___ in response to ____
- what actions do the hormones have? it prepares the body for …

• _____: increases blood levels of glucose + increases fat breakdown in adipose tissue + causes dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles

• _____: increases heart rate and force of contraction + causes blood vessels to constrict in the skin, kidneys, GI tract, and other viscera

nerves, flight or fight, physical activity, epinephrine, norepinephrine

a. know the 3 cells in the pancreatic islets that secrete hormones

• ______: secrete glucagon

• _____: secrete insulin

• _____: secrete somatostatin (GHIH) produced in many locations: hypothalamus + pancreas

alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells, GHIH

a. understand the opposing actions with blood glucose

• ____: lowers blood glucose by stimulating glucose transport into cells

  • secreted when blood glucose is elevated

  • Target tissue responds by increasing uptake of glucose + amino acids

• ____: raises blood glucose by promoting the release of glucose from intracellular (for ex: from liver

  • causes breakdown of glycogen and increase glucose synthesis in the liver

insulin, glucagon

a. _____: condition due to chronic high blood glucose (called __________) due to..

• _____: _______ of _____: usually from autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas

• hypoactivity or _____ to _____: cells do not respond to insulin

b. based off these symptoms, are the blood glucose levels high or low?

• the person feels nauseated, leading to the triggering of sympathetic response (fight or flight).

• this response acts to further (increase/decrease) blood glucose levels, worsening hyperglycemia

diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, type 1, hyposecretion, insulin, resistance, insulin, high, increase

a. what causes glucosuria?

b. the 3 cardinal signs are:

• _____: excessive urination from glucose acting as an osmotic diuretic

• _____: excessive thirst due to water loss

• ____: excessive hunger; cells can’t take in glucose and are “starving”

diabetes mellitus, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

a. what organ is melatonin produced by?

b. it decreases GnRH secretion (FSH and LH) which inhibits the reproductivity in animals + regulate sleep cycles by increasing tendency to sleep (just read0

pineal gland

a. match the hormones up with the correct “organ”

• ______

  • ____: appetite control, stimulates increased energy expenditure

  • ____: insulin antagonist (may cause obesity-related diabetes

  • ____: enhances sensitivity to insulin

• ________

  • _____: DECREASES blood Na+ concentration, therefore blood pressure and blood volume

  • lowers blood pressure and controls electrolyte balance

• _____

  • ______: signals production of red blood cells

  • _____: initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism (critical regulator of the blood volume, electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance

adipose tissue, leptin, resistin, adiponectin, heart, atrial natriuretic peptide, kidneys, erythropoietin, renin

a. know these disorders covered in class

• ____: due to lack of ADH from the posterior pituitary; results in excessive urination

• ____: autoimmune disease that decreases thyroid hormone secretion > leading to slower metabolic rate + possible weight gain + reduced activity levels

• ____: low levels of aldosterone and cortisol from the adrenal cortex. this causes low sodium levels, low blood pressure, and excessive urination

• ____: develop in pregnant women to the hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) which can desensitize insulin receptors > leads to high blood glucose levels in the mother and if untreated can lead to excessive fetal growth

diabetes insipidus, hashimoto thyroiditis, addison disease, gestational diabetes

*quiz

• a: which of the following hormones will cause development and growth of bones, tissues, muscles, etc?

• b: insulin will decrease ____ in the blood

• c: cortisol will increase ____ in the blood stream

• d: what hormone will cause the increase of blood calcium by causing osteoclasts to remove calcium from the bone?

• e: beta cells of the pancreatic islets secrete:

• f: which of the following hormones promotes lactation?

• g: diabetes insipidus is caused by the lack of this hormone:

• h: hypersecretion of thyroid hormone leads to?

• i: epinephrine + norepinephrine are secreted by the …

• j: which of the following adrenal gland hormones is aldosterone?

growth hormone, glucose, glucose, parathyroid hormone, insulin, prolactin, antidiuretic hormone, graves disease, adrenal medulla, mineralocorticoids