5-5 -> 5-9: ap bio

law of dominance

the dominant allele is expressed and the recessive alleles is hidden (until the dominant allele is absent)

law of segregation

the two alleles for each trait separate during gamete formation and end up in different cells

law of independent assortment

the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of another (eg. hair color does not impact height)

probability

the chance that an event will occur out of the total number of possible events

incomplete dominance

blending of traits (ex. red x white = pink offspring)

codominance

both alleles are expressed in the phenotype (ex. spots or stripes)

multiple alleles

when there are more than 2 alleles for a trait

polygenetic inheritance

factors that expressed as continuous variation

mitochondrial inheritance

mitochondria pass from mother to offspring through egg; no mitochondria from sperm are present in a fertilized egg

epistatic inheritance

one gene overrides others

recessive pedigree

a trait is skipped in a generation

sex-linked traits

genetic traits whose expression are dependent on the sex of the individual

x-linked gene

mostly present in males

not x-linked genes

mostly present in females

barr bodies

seeing partial expression or expression only in certain areas