Week 10 RPM (Module 3)

Which disease does not have a vaccine available?

Neosporosis

What does WOAH (World Organization for Animal Health) make

List of notifiable/reportable disease (these are often used interchangeably)

What is the difference between notifiable and monitored disease

Notifiable- Immediate reporting to professionals

Monitored- Monthly reported (to monitor changes)

Which disease has a regulation or disease eradication control program

National bovine brucellosis eradication program

What is true about reporting B. Abortus, B. Melitensis, B. Suis

Notifiable and zoonotic

What is the main reservoir host of B. Abortus and other hosts and incidental hosts

Main- cattle

Other- bison & elk in greater Yellowstone area

Incidental- goats, sheep, camels, horses, dogs, humans

What are precautions used by the national bovine brucellosis eradication program to control the dz

Vaccinate using RB51

Test blood and report

Cull and whole herd depopulation

Surveillance

Prevent contact with wild elk and bison

What makes it challenging to eradicate bovine brucellosis

Persists in wildlife (wild elk and bison)

What are complications with the RB51 vaccine

Infectious to humans so humans can have accidental inoculation

What is recommended after accidental inoculation by RB51 vaccine

Post exposure prophylaxis (treatment with doxy and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, monitor body temp, passive monitoring of symptoms)

What is true about B. Abortus and fever

Causes undulating fever

What is the main resistor hosts and incidental hosts of B. Melitensis

Main- sheep, goats

Incidental- cattle, camels, sheep dogs, humans

Where is B. Melitensis eradicated from

Canada and USA

What is the most pathogenic brucellosis species in humans

B. Melitensis

How do ppl get infected by B. Melitensis

Consumption of contaminated dairy or direct contact with animals in endemic areas

Sporadic in eradicated areas with imported products

What is the reservoir host of B. Suis

Domestic swine, wild or feral swine

25-30% brucellosis cases in the US is due to what

B. Suis

What is true about the reporting of Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis or Vibriosis (Campylobacter fetus venerealis & C. fetus fetus)

Monitored and zoonotic

What is true about reporting of Trichomoniasis (Trich) Tritrichomonas fetus

Notifiable but NOT zoonotic

How is trich spread

Venereal (coitus/natural breeding)

Which animals are asymptomatic carriers for trich

Bulls

How do you prevent trich

Vaccination, testing and culling infected

Annual testing when prevalent

What is true about the reporting of Enzootic Abortion(Chlamydiosis) Chlamydia abortus

Monitored dz and zoonotic

What is the most common cause of abortion of goats in the US

Chlamydia abortus

Is there diarrhea seen in porcine parvo

NO

What are symptoms of Pestivirus Ovid (BDV) or border disease

Abortion and congenital tremors in goats and sheep)

What does infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR, BoHV-1) cause in female cattle

Abortion storms in mid-late gestation

Pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV)

What is a key cue to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis 

Abortion following a respiratory disease outbreak in a naive/under vaccinated herd

What does infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR, BoHV-1) cause in male cattle

Genital disease- infectious balanopothitis (painful penile/preputial lesions, reduced libido)

What are general clinical signs of BVDV

Inapparent to fever, depression, decreased milk production, abortion, diarrhea, death

What is a hallmark sign of BVDV

Immune suppression (not specifically digestive issues)

What is an uncommon, highly fatal form of BVDV in PI animals that are super-infected with cytopathic BVDV

Mucosal disease

What signs does bovine viral diarrhea (BVD/BVDV) cause in female cattle

Early embryonic death/infertility 

Abortion/weak calves in late gestation

What signs does bovine viral diarrhea (BVD/BVDV) cause in calves

PI calves (immunotolerant)

Congenital defects (cerebellar hypoplasia and ocular abnormalities)

What are lifelong shedders of BVDV

PI calves

Hoe do you test for BVDV in calves

Ear notch collection for IHC or PCR

What is used to prevent fetal infection with BVDV

Pre-breeding vaccination

Which virus is culicoides borne through midges

Bluetongue 

What does bluetongue (BTV) cause in female sheep and their babies

Abortion or malformed lambs (hydranencephaly/porencephaly → blind/ataxic neonates)

What does bluetongue (BTV) cause in male sheep

Reduced semen quality

What does border disease (BDV) cause in female sheep or goats

Abortion/stillbirth

What does border disease (BDV) cause in baby sheep or goats

Hairy-shaker lambs (tremors and long hair coat)

Which viruses are antigenetically related pestiviruses and why is this important

BDV and BVDV

Sheep and cattle are susceptible to both and transmission can occur between these 2 species

Which species must also be included in the BVDV eradication program

SHEEP

In immunologically naive herds which pigs are susceptible to porcine reproductive syndrome (PRRS)

Pigs of all ages

How is PRRS spread

Through ALL secretions and excretions

What are clinical signs of PRRS

Depends- initial is anorexia, fever, lethargy

THEN Hyperpneic, dyspneic, transient hyperemia or cyanosis of extremities

Why is PRRS referred to as blue ear disease

Cyanosis- blue discoloration of ears, snout, vulva

What can PRRS cause in nursery pigs

Roughened hair coat, reduced growth rate, increased mortality

What can PRRS specifically cause in female swine 

Late gestation- abortion, SMEDI (stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility)

Where do male pigs infected with PRRS harbor the virus

In lymph nodes

Does porcine parvovirus (PPV) show signs in adult pigs

NO

Why is PPV different that parvo in dogs

NO diarrhea

Why can farms be contaminated fro months with PPV

Virus extremely stable

How can fetuses be protected from PPV

Gilts infected naturally before they conceive and give immunity to fetuses

What can interfere with active immunization by natural infection or vaccination in pigs with PPV

Maternal antibodies

When does the pregnancy become high risk for pigs with PPV

When their maternal antibody levels decline

What does PPV cause in female pigs

SMEDI (stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, infertility) but NO abortion

What is the first sigh of infection in a naive herd with PPV

Higher number of gilts or sows returning to estrus 3-8 wks after breeding

Which which virus will sows remain endocrinologically pregnant not returning to estrus until after expected time of farrowing caused by fetal infection and reabsorption

PPV

What will litters of piglets look like in a pig infection with PPV

Smaller than normal litters with mummified fetuses 

Piglets smaller or weak

What do you do to handle PPV in relation to boars

Vaccine before breeding with killed PPV vaccine

Which tumor is located in the ovary, most common in mares; hormonesecreting; causes anestrus, nymphomania, or stallion-like behavior. Usually unilateral.

Granulosa cell tumor (GCT)

Which tumor is located in the ovary (germ cells), is rare, malignant; may metastasize.

Dysgerminoma

Which tumor is located in the ovary (germ cells), derived from totipotent germ cells; may contain hair, teeth, bone; usually benign.

Teratoma

Which tumor is located in the uterus, vagina, benign smooth muscle tumor; common in bitches; may c

Leiomyoma

Which tumor is located in the uterus, malignant counterpart of leiomyoma;

Leiomyosarcoma

Which tumor is located in the uterus, malignant epithelial tumor; occurs in cows, rabbits; often aggressive.

Endometrial adenocarcinoma

Which tumor is located in the vulva, cervix, malignant epithelial tumor; linked to UV exposure in unpigmented skin; mares, cows.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

Which tumor is located in the vagina, vulva, occurs in dogs; Transmissible by coitus; cauliflower-like masses; usually regress with host immunity or chemotherapy.

Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) 

Which tumor is located in the vulva/perineal region, common in older grey horses; variable behavior, can be locally aggressive.

Melanoma

Which tumor is located in the testis (germ cells), common in cryptorchid dogs; usually benign, rarely metastatic.

Seminoma

Which tumor is located in the testis (sex cord– stromal), produces estrogen → feminization, alopecia, gynecomastia, bone marrow suppression; more common in retained testes.

Sertoli cell tumor

Which tumor is located in the testis, common in older dogs; usually benign; may secrete testosterone → prostatic hyperplasia.

Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor 

Which tumor is located in the prostate gland, aggressive, malignant; affects older neutered dogs; metastasizes to bone and lungs.

Prostatic adenocarcinoma

Which gland is located in the penis, prepuce, common in horses, cattle; locally invasive and ulcerative.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

Which tumor is located in the penis, prepuce, occurs in dogs; Contagious by mating; same tumor as in females; responds to vincristine chemotherapy.

Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT)

Which tumor is located in the penis/prepuce (bulls), benign epithelial tumor; viral etiology; common in young bulls.

Papilloma

Which tumor is located in the perianal region of dogs, benign; androgen-dependent; common in intact males; regresses with castration.

Perianal gland adenoma

When is chromosomal sex determined

Fertilization

What are bipotential gonads initially followed by differentiation into

Testes or ovaries

What 2 ducts systems are present in the early conceptus and thus the embryo is sexually indifferent

Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts and paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts

What is the sex determining region found on

The Y chromosome (testis determining factor)

What do the sertoli cells secrete which will result in the regression of Mullerian ducts and what do the leydig cells produce which result together in regression of the female repro tract

Anti-mullerian hormone

Testosterone

What event initiates the differentiation of the bipotential gonads into testes during embryonic development?

Activation of the SRY gene

The physiological process by which the mammary gland initiates milk secretion following the development of the alveolar structures during pregnancy. It marks the onset of lactation and involves complex hormonal regulation.

Lactogenesis

The release of milk from the alveoli to the teat, triggered by oxytocin in response to stimuli (e.g., calf suckling or milking).

Milk Let-Down

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary causes contraction of myoepithelial cells for milk ejection.

Oxytocin

A hormone from the anterior pituitary stimulates milk synthesis.

Prolactin

The first milk produced after calving; rich in immunoglobulins, vital for calf immunity.

Colostrum

The non-lactating phase between lactations; allows mammary tissue to regenerate.

Dry Period

The volume of milk produced over a given period; a key indicator of dairy performance.

Milk Yield

What is the functional unit responsible for milk production in the lactating bovine mammary gland.

Alveolus 

Why is the mammary gland so richly vascularized during lactation?

To deliver nutrients and water required for milk production

Segmental aphasia of paramesonephric ducts seen in cattle

White heifer dz in shorthorn cattle

What does white heifer dz result in

Uterus unicornis (only one functional horn) and persistent hymen causing functional horn to fill with mucus (BUT normal sized ovaries)

Why are the ovaries not effected in white heifer dz

Ovaries are not a part of the female ductal system (so its only the horns and uterus effected)

When female is born as a co twin to a male this can happen (mostly in cattle and occasionally sheep, goats, and pigs)

Freemartinism

Why does Freemartinism happen

Common blood supply giving female twin testosterone and AMH exposure and transfer of cells from male to female (resulting in chimeras)

What does Freemartinism result in

Effect both uterine tract and ovaries!

Incomplete development of paramesonephric ducts and incomplete ovary growth

Female acts bullish