Chemistry AQA GCSE triple paper 2

C8 1) What is required for a reaction to happen?

a successful collisions

C8 2) How can you use a graph to calculate the rate of reaction?

calculate gradient (on a curve tangent)

C8 3) What four things can speed up the rate of reaction?

temperature, concentration, surface area and catalyst

C8 11) What formula is used to calculate the rate of reaction?

amount of product used or amount of product formed / time

C8 12) What would a line with negative gradient look like?

line would go down

C8 4) What 3 methods can be used to find out the rate of reaction?

measure colour change / measure volume of gas produced / measure change in mass

C8 4) How can you increase the rate of reaction?

increase collisions / increase energy

C8 8) How does increasing surface area increase the rate of reaction?

larger surface area quicker reaction rate

C8 14) Why is the rate of reaction increased if you crush up solids?

larger surface area quicker reaction rate

C8 13) What is the minimum amount of energy that particles must have before they react call?

activation energy

C8 15) How do you increase the surface area of a solid?

crush it

C8 5) Put these in order of larger surface area - small , medium and large marble chips

small

C8 5) How does temperature increase the rate of reaction?

more energy / move quicker / collide more frequently - more successful collisions

C8 6) When increasing the temperature, at the end of the reaction why is no more product made?

temperature does not affect amount of product made

C8 6) How does concentration increase the rate of reaction?

more particles = more collisions

C8 7) How does pressure increase the rate of reaction?

same number of particles but in a smaller space so more frequent collisions

C8 16) How do you investigate the effect of changing concentrations?

by reacting marble chips with differnet concentrations of hydrochloric acid

C8 17) State three ways you can measure the rate of reaction?

measure colour change / measure volume of gas produced / measure change in mass

C8 9) How do catalysts speed up the rate of reaction?

lower the activation energy by providing alternative pathway for reaction without being used up.

C8 10) Give an example of a biological catalyst.

Enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids.

C8 18) Why are catalysts important in industry?

save money as otherwise you'd have to work at high temperatures and pressures / save environment

C8 19) Why are catalysts often used as powders?

increase their surface area to volume ratio. Speed up collisions

C8 20) True or false: the catalyst does not get used up in the reaction

true

C8 21) True or false: you can use the same catalyst for all reactions

false

C8 22) What is a reversible reaction?

the products of the reaction can react to make the orignal reactants

C8 23) How can you represent a reversible reaction

C8 24) Give an example of a reversible reaction

ammonium chloride to ammonia and hydrogen chloride, hydrated copper

C8 25) What is the relationship between the amount of energy transferred in each direction of a reversible reaction?

it is the same

C8 26) In a reversible reactoin, if one reaction is exothermic the other reaction is?

endothermic

C8 27) In a reversible reaction, if one reaction is endothermic the other reaction is?

exothermic

C8 28) What do we mean by equilibrium?

the reactants are making products at the same rate the products are making reactants - no change in amount of products and reactants

C8 29) what happens when you start with just the reactants and a reversible reaction in a closed system?

it reaches equlibrium

C8 36) How does decreasing concentration affect an equilibrium?

shifts to add what has been added

C8 35) How does increasing concentration affect an eqiulibrium?

shifts to get rid of what has been added

C8 30) What is Le Chatelier's Principle?

whenever you introduce a change in conditions to a system at equilibrium, the position of equilibrium shifts to cancel out the change

C8 31) How does increasing pressure affect an equilibrium?

shifts to decrease pressure - reaction shifts in favour of producing less gas particles

C8 32) How does increasing temperature affect an equilibrium?

favours the endothermic reaction

C8 33) How does decreasing temperature affect an equilibrium?

favours the exothermic reaction

C8 34) How does decreasing pressure affect an equilibrium?

shifts to increase pressire - reaction shifts in favour of producing more gas particles

C9 1) What is crude oil?

many different compound - mostly hydrocarbons

C9 2) What are hydrocarbons?

compounds that only contain hydrogen and carbon

C9 3) What are alkanes?

saturated hydrocarbons

C9 4) What is the general formula for a alkane?

CnH(2n+2)

C9 5) What is the names of the first four alkanes?

methane. Ethane, propane and butane

C9 6) What is the formula for methane?

CH4

C9 7) What is the formula for ethane?

C2H6

C9 8) What is the forumale for propane?

C3H8

C9 9) What is the formula for butane?

C4H10

C9 10) What do we mean by volatility?

the tendency to turn into a gas

C9 11) What do we mean by viscosity?

how easiliy it flows

C9 12) What do we mean by flammability?

How easy it burns

C9 13) What are fractions?

separated into hydrocarbons with similar boiling points

C9 14) How does the size of a hydrocarbon affect its boiling point?

smallest have the lowest boiling points

C9 15) How does the size of a hydrocarbon affect its volatility?

smallest have higher volatility

C9 16) How does the size of a hydrocarbon affect its viscosity?

smallest havest highest viscosity

C9 17) How does the size of a hydrocarbon affect its flammability

smallest are more flammable

How is fractional distillation used to separate crude oil

separated into fractions and heated - oil heats and each condenses when it reaches its boiling point

C9 18) What is produced when hydrocarbons are burnt in a good supply of air?

carbon dioxide and water

C9 19) How do you test that carbon dioxide is formed from combustion?

turns limewater cloudy and the

C9 20) How do you test that water is formed from combustion?

water turns blue cobalt chlroride paper pink

C9 21) What is also formed in incomplete combustion?

carbon monoxide

C9 22) Why is carbon monoxide formed in incomplete combustion?

not enough oxygen to form carbon dioxide

C9 23) Why are larger hydrocarbon moleculesgo through the process of cracking?

not as in high demand as the smaller ones

C9 24) What do we call the process where large molecules are broken down into smaller ones?

cracking

C9 25) How does cracking work?

passing vapours over a hot catalyst or by mixing them with steam and heat them to avery high temperature

C9 26) What are alkenes?

compounds containing double bonds (unsaturated)

C9 27) How do alkanes differ from alkenes?

double bonds

C9 28) How do you test for alkenes?

react with organ bromine water turning it colourless

C10 1) What do all alkenes have?

C=C

C10 2) A family of organic compounds with the same function group is called a what?

homologous series

C10 3) What is the general formula for an alkene?

CnH2n

C10 4) How do alkenes react with oxygen in air?

complete combustion forms carbon dioxide and water

C10 5) Why are alkenes far more reactive than alkanes?

the double bond

C10 6) What is the chemical formula for ethene?

C2H4

C10 7) What is the chemical formula of propene?

C3H6

C10 9) What is the chemical formula of butene?

C4H8

C10 10) What is the chemica formula of pentene?

C5H10

C10 11) Draw a displayed formula when propene reacts with iodine

C10 12) Draw a displayed formula when ethene reacts with steam.

C10 13) Draw a displayed formula when buten reacts with chlorine

C10 14) Nonene is an alkene with nine carbon atoms. Write its chemical formula.

C10 15) The homologous series of alcohols contains what functional group?

-OH

C10 16) The homologous series of carboxylic acids contains what functional group?

-COOH

C10 17) The homologous series of esters contain what functional group?

-COO-

C10 18) Draw a displayed formula for ethanol

C10 19) Draw a displayed formula for ethyl ethanoate

C10 20) Draw a displayed formula for butanoic acid

C10 21) What are the names of the first four alcohols?

methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol

C10 22) What are the names of the first four carboxlyic acids?

methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid and butanoic aci

C10 23) What is the general formula for alcohols?

CnH2n+1OH

C10 24) What is the general formula for carboxlyics acid?

CnH2n+1COOH

C10 25) What is the formula for methanol

CH4O

C10 26) What is the formula for ethanol

C2H6O

C10 27) What are two uses of alcohols?

solvents and fuels, alcoholic drinks

C10 28) Alcohols burn in air to form what?

carbon dioxide and water

C10 29) Alcohols react with sodium metal to form what?

a solution of sodium alkoxide, and hydrogen gas is given off

C10 30) Ethanol can be oxidises to form what?

ethanoic acid

C10 31) What two ways can ethanol be oxidised?

by chemical oxidising agents or by the action of microbes in the air

C10 32) What is one use of ethanoic acid?

main acid in vinegar

C10 33) Write a balanced equation for combution of ethanol