BioL final

Objective Observation

can be verified; involve counting and measuring i.e.- the flower has six petals

Subjetive Observation

observer-specific; may not be interpreted the same way as other people; more opinion based i.e.- turtles can live to be old

Independent Variable

What you change in the experiment i.e.- type of soap (cause)

Dependent Variable

What is measured i.e.-amount of bacteria (effect)

Control

A standard of comparison for checking or verifying the results of an experiment.

Hypothesis

A tentative explanation of cause and effect based on known knowledge

Prokaryotes

unicellular; lack membrane bound organelles; contains ribosomes

Eukaryotes

includes membrane bound organelles

nitrogen fixation

The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by certain prokaryotes into nitrogenous compounds that can be directly used by plants.

decomposers

Break down organic matter

Photosynthetic Bacteria

Use light as an energy source (bacteria do not use water as source of electrons and they lack chloroplasts)

Chemosynthetic Bacteria

obtain their energy from the oxidation of inorganic substances

Bacilli

rod-shaped bacteria

Cocci

small spheres bacteria

Spirilla

corkscrew-shaped bacteria

chlorophyll a

blue/green algae (Oscillatoria and Gloeocapsa)

chlorophyll b

olive green color

chlorophyll c

certain algae

Carotenoids

yellow, orange and red pigments

Oscillatoria

colonial blue-green algae; looks like green strings

Gloeocapsa

Cyanobacteria; unicellular with gelatinous sheath surrounding cell; looks like clusters of colonies

Lactobacillus

white in color; gram positive; present in yogurt and cheese

nucleoid region

contains the DNA

Yeast

fungi

Prokaryotes

bacteria and archaea;some contain cell wall and flagella, others (cyanobacteria) are photosynthetic and contain chlorophyll

Eukaryotes

Protist (unicellular); Plants, animals, fungi (multicellular)

Paramecium

protist; heterotrophic; Eukaryotic

genetic info/ movement? (paramecium)

Micronucleus; cilia

Elodea

plant; eukaryotic

genetic info/ movement? (Elodea)

nucleus; none

Volvox

plant; eukaryotic

genetic info/ movement? (Volvox)

nucleus; biflagellate

human epithelium (cheek cells)

animal; eukaryotic ; contains nucleus; no movement

Euglena

protist; eukaryotic; nucleus; flagellum

Amoeba

protist; eukaryotic; nucleus; pseudopodia

Method of Mobility- Amoeba

Pseudopodia

Method of Mobility- Euglena

flagellum

Method of Mobility- Paramecium

cilia

Method of Mobility- Volvox

Biflagellate

autotrophic organisms that obtain their energy from the oxidation of inorganic substances, rather than through photosynthesis

chemosynthetic bacteria

gram-positive

purple

gram-negative

red

the ability to surround and ingest food particles

phagocytosis

cellular shrinkage occurring as a result from a cell exposed to a hypertonic solution (i.e.- celery in salt water)

plasmolysis

The outcome of a gram stain is based on the strength of the

cell wall

hypertonic solution

more solute; less water (i.e.- wilted celery stick)

isotonic solution

equal solution and water; has reached equilibrium

hypotonic solution

less solute; more water (i.e.- tough celery stick)

How to calculate the Rf factor?

distance pigment traveled/ distance to solvent front

solvent front

highest line on the paper

rate of photosynthesis

final % Transmittance - initial % Transmittance/ time \= rate

photosynthesis equation

H2O+CO2 --\> O2 + sugar

In photosynthesis, what decreases, increases or stays the same?

NADP+ (decreases), Chloroplast (same), O2 (increases), H2O (decreases)

Calibration Tube

DOES NOT serve as control, DOES NOT contain DPIP, DOES NOT allow for spectrophotometer to be set to 0% transmittance (sets to 100% T)

Photosynthesis experiment: what was the lamp used for?

to dry and heat spinach leaves

Photosynthesis experiment: what was the cheese cloth used for?

to remove excess cellulose from chloroplast solution

Photosynthesis experiment: what was the buffer used for?

used to keep pH constant by neutralizing excess H+ in chloroplast solution

Photosynthesis experiment: what was the sucrose used for?

makes the environment ISOTONIC to the chloroplasts (preserves chloroplast)

Law of Segregation

Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete

Law of Independent Assortment

Each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random

hydrophilic

Attracted to water

hydrophobic

Afraid of water

Chi Square: expected ratio of phenotype

1:1:1:1 or 9:3:3:1 (out of 160); When doing analysis, Left - accept (hypothesis), Right- Reject (hypothesis)

Chi Square formula

x^2 \= Σ (Observed - Expected)^2/ Expected

Klinefelter's Male

results in males with XXY genotype; unusual body proportions and sterility; sub-normal mental ability.

Turner's female

XO: short stature; webbing of the neck; may have low mental ability and sterility.

Super Female

XXX; lower mental ability, fertile

"Cri du chat"

defective chromosome \#5; catlike cry; several physical and mental abnormalities; non-lethal

Patau's Syndrome

Trisomy 13; Physical abnormalities; lethal soon after birth

Edward's Syndrome

Trisomy 18. Findings: Severe mental retardation, rocker-bottom feet, micrognathia (SMALL JAW), CLENCHED HANDS. Death within 1 year.

Down's syndrome

Trisomy 21; low mental ability; stocky build; sometimes heart defects

XYY Condition (aka Jacob's Syndrome)

Males have extra Y chromosome; above average height

Why are more males colorblind?

Because colorblindness (as most sex-linked traits) only affects X-chromosome (Males only have 1 X, therefore, greater chance)

sex-linked traits

when a particular trait is controlled by a gene on a sex chromosome

True or False: Virtually all conditions associated with sex-linked genes are recessive

True. This is why males are more commonly affected. Also, it will show up as a lowercase letter on the chromosome (i.e. - X^bY)

True or False: females must have both x-chromososmes as recessive to show colorblindness

True. Females must have X^cX^c. Females with X^CX^c will have normal vision but will most likely pass on colorblindness to her male children.

Gel Electrophoresis

Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

makes many copies of a particular segment of DNA

2 Reasons why PCR is used:

1) it makes many copies from a DNA strand
2) it selectively amplifies only the parts of the human genome (the DNA) that is under examination

enzyme used in PCR

Taq Polymerase

Why is Taq Polymerase an ideal enzyme for PCR?

it is stable enough to withstand dramatic temperature changes needed for the DNA to be replicated a number of times

True or False: DNA Molecules are negatively charged

True. The phosphate groups in the DNA backbone are negatively charged, therefore making DNA negative.

What is the gel used in gel electrophoresis? Why?

Agarose (substance found in seaweed). This is used because Agarose is electrically neutral (has no charge)

Why must you pour a buffer solution over the gel in gel electrophoresis?

Because the ions in the buffer solution conduct electricity during electrophoresis.

What must be aded to the DNA samples in gel electrophoresis?

The samples must have a dye in it (although the DNA itself is NOT stained)

Evolution

change in genotype frequency in a population from one generation to the next

Natural Selection leads to...

Evolution

Genetic variation

Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments

differential reproduction

Phenomenon in which individuals with adaptive genetic traits produce more living offspring than do individuals without such traits.

Characteristics of Chiton

Class Polyplacophora; marine (rocky intertidal) habitat; scavenger feeder; rapid movement if disturbed

Characteristics of a Clam

Class Bivalvia; marine and freshwater (sandy intertidal) habitat; filter feeder; burrows and sedentary mov't

Characteristics of Snails

Class Gastropoda; aquatic and terrestrial habitat; scavenger/ predator; mobile but slow

Characteristics of Squid

Class Cephalopoda; marine (deep water) habitat; predator; jet propulsion (fast) mov't

Molluscs

soft, unsegmented bodies enclosed by a mantle, a large ventral foot and the radula (which is not present in all mollusks but is restricted to this phylum)

Mantle

thin, fleshy layer that secretes a hard shell

Radula

rasp-like structure in the mouth. Used for scraping algae and drilling into hard shells of other mollusks as seen in predatory gastropods

Feeding Behaviors of Mollusks

Chiton: scavenger (radula)
Clam: filter feeders; use gills on siphon (NO radula)
Snail: scavenger/ predator (radula)
Squid: predatory (NO radula; use tentacles)

Locomotion of Mollusks

Chiton: ventral foot; rapid mov't; can curl into ball
Clam: foot; burrows and sedentary
Snail: stomach-foot
Squid: muscular contractions of the siphon

Clam Gills

used for respiration and for feeding; in freshwater clams, the gills are also used to protect larvae (baby clams) until they can be released

Clam Siphon

modification of a mantle; one siphon filters food and water through the gills and then into the mouth. Another siphon carries water away;