Combined HIST202 Final Study Guide

Gentlemen’s Agreement

1907, Japan limits emigration of laborers to US; in return, US does not pass exclusion laws or segregate Japanese immigrants

World War II

1939-1945, 50 million US men 18-45 registered for the military draft, ~10-15 million US residents fought, including many Mexican and Japanese

Attack on Pearl Harbor

1941, Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Naval Base in Hawaii

Bracero Program

1942-1964, ~4.5 million contracts issued to Mexican guest workers, beginning due to WWII labor shortage

First Ever Atomic Bomb Detonation

1945, Trinity

Sleepy Lagoon Murder Trial

1942-1943, the death of Jose Gallardo Diaz led to a media campaign to arrest “zoot suiters” without due process

Zoot Suit Riots

1943, US servicemen patrolled Mexican-American neighborhoods in LA, beating and stripping “zoot suiters”

Taft-Hartley Act

1947, passes by Congress over Truman’s veto, restricts union power, origin of right-to-work laws, sought to counterbalance the pro-labor NLRA

McCarran-Walter Act

1952, extended the US govt’s ability to target communists within an immigration context, the AG is given absolute discretionary power in exclusion and deportation, against Truman’s veto

The Hollywood Blacklist

1940s-1960s, the imprisonment and firing of numerous writers, directors, producers, actors, and musicians who failed to cooperate with HUAC

National Liberation Front

1960, failed coup attempt, NLF (aka “Viet Cong”) is founded

JFK sends US Special Forces to southern Vietnam

1961

Gulf of Tonkin Incident in Vietnam

1964, LBJ begins airstrikes of north Vietnam

Operation Rolling Thunder in Vietnam

1965

Gradual De-escalation of Ground Troups in Vietnam

1970s

US Troops Finally Leave Vietnam

1973

Vietnam Liberation Day

1975

Watts Rebellion

1965, major uprising in LA Watts neighborhood, sparked by a police stop of Black motorist Marquette Frye, escalating into six days of violence and rioting

Black Panther Party for Self Defense

1966

American Indian Movement

1968, founded in Minneapolis in response to police violence against Indigenous peoples

Occupation of Alcatraz

1969-1971, in SF Bay by Indians of All Tribes

American Indian Movement Takeover of the Bureau of Indian Affairs

1972, in D.C.

FBI Standoff with AIM

1973, Wounded Knee, SD

Mendez v. Westminster

1947, desegregation of schools for Mexican-American students

Hernandez v. Texas

1954, Mexican-Americans have equal protection under the 14th Amendment

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund

Founded in 1968, modeled after NAACP, eastern LA walkouts

National Chicano Moratorium

1970

Compton’s Cafeteria Riot

1966, patrons of Compton’s Cafeteria riot against the overpolicing of queer Tenderloin District in SF for the right to patronize the space freely

Immigration and Nationality Act

1965, abolished discriminatory national origins quotas, replacing them with a system favoring family reunification, skilled labor, and refugee/asylum status, direct result of Civil Rights organizing

Griffith Park “Gay In”

1970

HIV/AIDS Epidemic

1981-present, originally GRIDS but later named AIDS, widespread misinformation, discrimination against queer communities

Sanctuary Movement

Emerges in the 1980s, a grassroots religious and political campaign providing shelter and aid to Central American refugees fleeing civil wars

Refugee Act

1980, watershed act, permanent and systematic procedure for the admission to this country of refugees of special humanitarian concern, implements a way for migrants already in the country to claim asylum, heavily influenced by Cold War policies

Presidency of Ronald Reagan

1981-1989, “Reagan Revolution” ushering in a particular type of conservative politics into the mainstream US

Immigration Reform and Control Act

1986, signed into law by Reagan, controls unauthorized immigration by implementing employer sanctions, expanding border enforcement, and offering legal amnesty to millions of undocumented immigrants already in the U.S. (~3 million people), introduces I-9 form verification

Criminal Alien Program

Rooted in 1980s to relieve prison overcrowding, focuses on the identification, arrest, and removal of Incarcerated aliens, fully implemented by IIRIRA

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act

1996, signed into law by Clinton, significantly tightened immigration enforcement by expanding grounds for deportation, mandating detention, creating expedited removal procedures, and increasing penalties for document fraud and alien smuggling, multi-year bar to re-entry

Treaty of Point Elliott

1855, “right of taking fish as usual and accustomed grounds and stations,” salmon fishing

Treaty of Neah Bay

1955, reserved the Makah Tribe's rights to hunt, fish, and gather, including their traditional whaling practies

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

1994

Battle of Seattle

1999, 50,000+ people protest the ministerial conference of WTO for one week in the streets of Seattle

Captain Cook arrives in Mexico

1778; he dies there in 1779

Hawaiian unification

1810; under King Kamehameha I

Mexican War of Independence

1810-1821; revolution for independence from Spain

Plan de Iguala

1821; establishes the framework for Mexico’s independence

Mexico’s first Constitution

1824

Slavery is abolished in Mexico

1829; many African-Americans fled south to freedom

Andrew Jackson

1829-1837; “Jacksonian Democracy” promoting majority rule with racial inequality

Indian Removal Act

1830; authorizes forced removal of Native nations from the Southeast (to west of the Mississippi River)

Trail of Tears

~1830-1850; ~100,000 Native Americans forcibly relocated

Manifest Destiny

Mid-1800s; belief that U.S. expansion across the continent was divinely destined; justified war, removal, and white rule

Establishment of the Republic of Texas

1836

U.S. annexation of Texas

1845

James K. Polk

1845-1849; staunch Jacksonian expansionist who led during Texas’s annexation, the Mexican-American War, and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexican-American War

1846-1848; supported by Congress; racialized and gendered conflict reorienting the “Mexican North” into the “U.S. Southwest”

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848; ends the Mexican-American War; transfers lots of northern Mexico to the U.S.; grants nominal citizenship (and whiteness) to Mexcians

Spanish begin settling northern Mexico

~1760s; also known as “Alta California”

California is fully under U.S. control

1847

Gold is discovered in northern California

1848; in Sutter’s Mill by James W. Marshall

The Gold Rush

1848-1855; ~300,000 mostly male migrants arrive from the U.S. abroad to pan for gold; diversity leads to racial and gendered violence

Chinese Immigration

1840s-1882; ~258,000 Chinese migrants arrive, mostly from the Guangdong and Fujian Provinces

Page Act

1875; restricts Asian immigration, targeting Chinese women

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882; bans Chinese labor immigration; increase in surveillance and anti-Asian violence

California Constitution

1850; bans slavery, yet ~1,500 enslaved African Americans were forcibly brought (1849-1861)

The Compromise of 1850

1850; designed by Senators Clay and Douglass, supported by President Fillmore; addresses slavery in new territories by banning the slave trade in D.C., settling Texas boundaries, strengthening the Fugitive Slave Act, admitting California as a free state, and establishing Utah and New Mexico through popular sovereignty

Horse Creek Treaty

1851; U.S. acknowledges Indigenous territories, promising safe passage and payments, but the treaty is broken quickly by settlers

Great Plains Treaties

1857-1868; multiple treaties are signed with Native nations (Pawnee, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Medicine Lodge Creek, Fort Laramie)

Pike’s Peak Gold Rush

1858; breaks the treaty lands

Homestead Act

1862; 160 acres of land to settlers that lived on it, improved it, and paid a small fee

Pacific Railroad Act

1862; federal subsidies provided for a transcontinental rail

Morrill Land Grant College Act

1862; established state land-grant universities on seize Native land

Sand Creek Massacre

1864; U.S. troops kill peaceful Cheyenne and Arapho

Red Cloud’s War

1866-1868

Battle of the Greasy Grass

1876; U.S. seizes Black Hills illegally

The Dawes Act

1887; broke up communal tribal lands into individual plots for Native Americans to force assimilation and settler agriculture

Great Mahele

1848; privatizes Hawaiian land

Reciprocity Treaty

1875; an agreement between the U.S. and Hawaii to reduce trade barriers

Bayonet Constitution

1877; forced constitution by settlers that weakened the monarchy's power and disenfranchised many native Hawaiians

Reign of Queen Lili’uokalanai

1891-1893; coup in 1893

U.S. annexation of Hawaii

1898; only ~29,000 Native Hawaiians by 1900

Porfirio Diaz (El Porfiriato)

1876-1911; Mexican president that followed “order and progress;” modernization through centralization, railraods, and Indigenous dispossession

Mexican Revolution

1910-1920; ~1 million dead or missing; major migration to the U.S.; promotes mestizo nationalism and land redistribution

Immigration Act

1918; excludes disabled, “feeble-minded,” ill, anarchists, etc.; codifies racialized exclusion

Emergency Quota Act

1921; sets 3% quotas (1910 census); excludes Western Hemisphere and Asia

Immigration Act (Johnson-Reed)

1924; reduces quota to 2% (1890 census); formalizes deportation for unauthorized entrants; creates U.S. Border Patrol

Postrevolutionary Mexican Migration

1900-1930; ~1.5 million Mexicans migrate to the U.S.; by 1930, 19% of California’s immigrants are Mexican; gendered policing of sexuality and reproduction

Jim Crow racial caste system

1877-1960s; “separate but equal,” Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

The Great Migration

1910-1970s; ~6 million Black Southerners move to the North, Midwest, and West; transforms U.S. cities and culture

The Great Depression

1929-1934; Wall Street crash (1929); global economic collapse; Hoovervilles and LAPD “Red Swuad”

New Deal

1930s; series of reforms that ended the Great Depression; TVA, CCC, WPA

The Dust Bowl

1930s; severe drought and dust storms devastate the Great Plains

“Okie” Migration

1935-1940; 250,000+ “Okies” migrate to California via Route 66