Combined HIST202 Final Study Guide

Gentlemen’s Agreement

1907, Japan limits emigration of laborers to US; in return, US does not pass exclusion laws or segregate Japanese immigrants

World War II

1939-1945, 50 million US men 18-45 registered for the military draft, ~10-15 million US residents fought, including many Mexican and Japanese

Attack on Pearl Harbor

1941, Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Naval Base in Hawaii

Bracero Program

1942-1964, ~4.5 million contracts issued to Mexican guest workers, beginning due to WWII labor shortage

First Ever Atomic Bomb Detonation

1945

Sleepy Lagoon Murder Trial

1942-1943, the death of Jose Gallardo Diaz led to a media campaign to arrest “zoot suiters” without due process

Zoot Suit Riots

1943, US servicemen patrolled Mexican-American neighborhoods in LA, beating and stripping “zoot suiters”

Taft-Hartley Act

1947, passes by Congress over Truman’s veto, restricts union power, origin of right-to-work laws, sought to counterbalance the pro-labor NLRA (National Labor Relations Act)

McCarran-Walter Act

1952, extended the US govt’s ability to target communists within an immigration context, the AG is given absolute discretionary power in exclusion and deportation, against Truman’s veto

The Hollywood Blacklist

1940s-1960s, the imprisonment and firing of numerous writers, directors, producers, actors, and musicians who failed to cooperate with HUAC

VIetnam War

1955-1975

Watts Rebellion

1965, major uprising in LA Watts neighborhood, sparked by a police stop of Black motorist Marquette Frye, escalating into six days of violence and rioting

Black Panther Party for Self Defense

1966, Black Power organization focused on armed self-protection against police brutality and systemic racism

American Indian Movement

1968, founded in Minneapolis in response to police violence against Indigenous peoples

Occupation of Alcatraz

1969-1971, in SF Bay by Indians of All Tribes

AIM Takeover of the Bureau of Indian Affairs

1972, in D.C.

FBI Standoff with AIM

1973, Wounded Knee, SD

Mendez v. Westminster

1947, desegregation of schools for Mexican-American students

Hernandez v. Texas

1954, Mexican-Americans have equal protection under the 14th Amendment

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund

Founded in 1968, modeled after NAACP, eastern LA walkouts

National Chicano Moratorium

1970

Compton’s Cafeteria Riot

1966, patrons of Compton’s Cafeteria riot against the overpolicing of queer Tenderloin District in SF for the right to patronize the space freely

Immigration and Nationality Act

1965, abolished discriminatory national origins quotas, replacing them with a system favoring family reunification, skilled labor, and refugee/asylum status, direct result of Civil Rights organizing

Griffith Park “Gay In”

1970

HIV/AIDS Epidemic

1981-present, originally GRIDS but later named AIDS, widespread misinformation, discrimination against queer communities

Sanctuary Movement

Emerges in the 1980s, a grassroots religious and political campaign providing shelter and aid to Central American refugees fleeing civil wars

Refugee Act

1980, watershed act, permanent and systematic procedure for the admission to this country of refugees of special humanitarian concern, implements a way for migrants already in the country to claim asylum, heavily influenced by Cold War policies

Presidency of Ronald Reagan

1981-1989, “Reagan Revolution” ushering in a particular type of conservative politics into the mainstream US

Immigration Reform and Control Act

1986, signed into law by Reagan, controls unauthorized immigration by implementing employer sanctions, expanding border enforcement, and offering legal amnesty to millions of undocumented immigrants already in the U.S. (~3 million people), introduces I-9 form verification

Criminal Alien Program

Rooted in 1980s to relieve prison overcrowding, focuses on the identification, arrest, and removal of Incarcerated aliens, fully implemented by IIRIRA

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act

1996, signed into law by Clinton, tightened immigration enforcement through expansive deportation, detention, expedited removal procedures, and increasing penalties for document fraud and alien smuggling, a multi-year bar to re-entry

Treaty of Point Elliott

1855, coastal tribes ceded lands to the govt for rights to hunt, fish, and gather

Treaty of Neah Bay

1955, reserved the Makah Tribe's rights to hunt, fish, and gather, including their traditional whaling practies

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

1994, pact between the US, Canada, and Mexico to eliminate most tariffs and trade barriers

Battle of Seattle

1999, 50,000+ people protest the ministerial conference of the World Trade Organization for one week in the streets of Seattle

Mexican War of Independence

1810-1821; revolution for independence from Spain

Plan de Iguala

1821; establishes the framework for Mexico’s independence

Mexico’s first Constitution

1824

Slavery is abolished in Mexico

1829; many African-Americans fled south to freedom

Andrew Jackson

1829-1837; “Jacksonian Democracy” promoting majority rule with racial inequality

Indian Removal Act

1830; authorizes forced removal of Native nations from the Southeast (to west of the Mississippi River)

Trail of Tears

~1830-1850; ~100,000 Native Americans forcibly relocated

Manifest Destiny

Mid-1800s; belief that U.S. expansion across the continent was divinely destined; justified war, removal, and white rule

Establishment of the Republic of Texas

1836

U.S. annexation of Texas

1845

James K. Polk

1845-1849; staunch Jacksonian expansionist who led during Texas’s annexation, the Mexican-American War, and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexican-American War

1846-1848; supported by Congress; racialized and gendered conflict reorienting the “Mexican North” into the “U.S. Southwest;” ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Spanish begin settling northern Mexico

~1760s; also known as “Alta California”

California is fully under U.S. control

1847

Gold is discovered in northern California

1848; in Sutter’s Mill by James W. Marshall

The Gold Rush

1848-1855; ~300,000 mostly male migrants arrive from the U.S. abroad to pan for gold; diversity leads to racial and gendered violence

Chinese Immigration

1840s-1882; ~258,000 Chinese migrants arrive, mostly from the Guangdong and Fujian Provinces

Page Act

1875, restricts Asian immigration, targeting Chinese women

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882; bans Chinese labor immigration; increase in surveillance and anti-Asian violence

California Constitution

1850; bans slavery, yet ~1,500 enslaved African Americans were forcibly brought (1849-1861)

Pacific Railroad Act

1862; federal subsidies provided for a transcontinental rail

Sand Creek Massacre

1864; U.S. troops kill peaceful Cheyenne and Arapho

Red Cloud’s War

1866-1868

The Dawes Act

1887; broke up communal tribal lands into individual plots for Native Americans to force assimilation and settler agriculture

Great Mahele

1848; privatizes Hawaiian land

Reciprocity Treaty

1875; an agreement between the U.S. and Hawaii to reduce trade barriers

Bayonet Constitution

1877; forced constitution by settlers that weakened the monarchy's power and disenfranchised many native Hawaiians

Reign of Queen Lili’uokalanai

1891-1893; coup in 1893

U.S. annexation of Hawaii

1898; only ~29,000 Native Hawaiians by 1900

Porfirio Diaz (El Porfiriato)

1876-1911; Mexican president that followed “order and progress;” modernization through centralization, railraods, and Indigenous dispossession

Mexican Revolution

1910-1920; ~1 million dead or missing; major migration to the U.S.; promotes mestizo nationalism and land redistribution

Immigration Act

1918; excludes disabled, “feeble-minded,” ill, anarchists, etc.; codifies racialized exclusion

Emergency Quota Act

1921; sets 3% quotas (1910 census); excludes Western Hemisphere and Asia

Immigration Act (Johnson-Reed)

1924; reduces quota to 2% (1890 census); formalizes deportation for unauthorized entrants; creates U.S. Border Patrol

Postrevolutionary Mexican Migration

1900-1930; ~1.5 million Mexicans migrate to the U.S.; by 1930, 19% of California’s immigrants are Mexican; gendered policing of sexuality and reproduction

Jim Crow racial caste system

1877-1960s; “separate but equal,” Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

The Great Migration

1910-1970s; ~6 million Black Southerners move to the North, Midwest, and West; transforms U.S. cities and culture

The Great Depression

1929-1934; Wall Street crash (1929); global economic collapse; Hoovervilles and LAPD “Red Squad”

New Deal

1930s; series of reforms that ended the Great Depression; TVA, CCC, WPA

The Dust Bowl

1930s; severe drought and dust storms devastate the Great Plains

“Okie” Migration

1935-1940; 250,000+ “Okies” migrate to California via Route 66

Executive Order 9066

1942, authorized the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans from into concentration camps during WWII

McCarthyism

1950s, the anti-communist paranoia and political repression, characterized by Senator McCarthy's unsubstantiated, fear-mongering accusations of communist infiltration in government, Hollywood

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Created in 1938, congress suspected communist influence and subversion in the U.S., especially during the Cold War, targeting government, Hollywood, and other high-profile sectors

Black Cat Riots

1967