US1H - War of 1812/Era of Good Feelings/Jackson/Reforms

American System

an economic program introduced by Henry Clay during the Era of Good Feelings with the goal of strengthening the new national economy and promoting national unity; included a 2nd BUS, protective tariffs, and internal improvements like the Erie Canal and National Road

Nationalism

patriotism; a sense of national unity

Parallel

another word for a line of latitude

Peace Dove

someone who advocates peace

Privateer

a privately owned ship hired by the government to fight the enemy in exchange for the ship keeping anything they found on enemy ships

Quids

a term used to refer to older members of the Democratic Republican party in the early 19th Century

Secede

to withdraw or leave

Sectionalism

the importance of regional and state identity

War Hawk

anyone in government who supports war

Displace

to force people to leave their home or country

Force Bill

legislation passed by Jackson in response to the Nullification Act that would allow him to use the military to enforce the Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abomination)

Indian Removal Act of 1830

law that removed 60,000 Native Americans to the West along the Trail of Tears (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole)

Interchangeable Parts

pre-manufactured, identical parts

Popular Vote

a method of electing a candidate based on a majority of votes of the people

Spoils System

appointing loyal supporters with government jobs (started by Jackson); “rotation of office”

Suffrage

the right to vote

Tariff of Abomination

term used by Southern planters for the Tariff of 1828; led to the South Carolina secession crisis

Tenant Farmer

a small-scale farmer who rented their land to farm instead of owning it

Universal Suffrage

the expansion of voting rights to most White men even if they did not own property

Yeoman

a small-scale farmer who owned land but did not have enslaved workers

Abolish

to do away with

Abstinence

the practice of not doing something that is wanted or enjoyable

Fugitive

a person fleeing from intolerable circumstances; a runaway

Know-Nothing Party

nativist political party (American Party)

Nativists

people who oppose immigration

Naturalization

the process by which foreign-born persons migrate to another country and become citizens

Shakers

a faith-based utopian society that prohibited marriage and having children

Steerage

the lowest class on a ship

Tenement

a low-rent, low-quality apartment

Transcendentalism

19th Century American philosophical/literary movement that emphasized individual spirituality, the importance of nature, and a rejection of societal norms and valued self-reliance

Underground Railroad

a secret network that helped runaway slaves escape from slavery

Utopia

a perfect place

Hartford Convention

meeting in Hartford, CT in December of 1814 to oppose the War of 1812 and President Madison’s leadership; proposed a constitutional amendment to limit the ability to declare war and threatened to secede if the amendment wasn’t passed; led to the end of the Federalist Party

Convention of 1818

a meeting that resulted in an agreement that established a border between the USA and Canada at the 40th parallel, from the East Coast to the Rocky Mountains and an agreement that neither the US nor Canada would maintain a navy on the Great Lakes or a long the US-Canada border

Era of Good Feelings

a term used to describe most of President Monroe’s administration (1815-1820) in which there were no major problems and only one influential political party; the era ended because of the Missouri Statehood Crisis in 1819 and the Panic of 1819

Second Great Awakening

early 19th Century religious revival movement; challenged traditional Protestant views, encouraged an emotional attachment to religion, emphasized the power of each person to control their own souls/salvation, taught personal responsibility to society; promoted a desire to improve the world

Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

first women’s rights convention (Declaration of Sentiments)

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 battle that ended the Shawnee effort to form a Native American confederacy to prevent more Americans from moving onto Native American land; won by General William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana Territory

Battle of Lake Erie

the most important naval battle of the War of 1812; US Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry seized control of the Lake in 1813, allowing Americans to start attacking Canada

Attack of York

in 1813, Americans attacked the Canadian capital city (present-day Toronto) and burned the government buildings

Attack of Washington

in August of 1814, the British attacked the US capital city as revenge for the American attack on York in Canada; the British burned the White House and other government buildings

Battle of Fort McHenry

in September of 1814, the British attacked Fort McHenry in Maryland in an attempt to capture the port city of Baltimore, but the British failed to gain control and were forced to retreat

Battle of New Orleans

the final battle of the War of 1812 in which General Andrew Jackson defeated the British in January of 1815, making him a military hero (technically occurred AFTER the treaty 2 weeks earlier)

Treaty of Fort Jackson

signed in March of 1814 between Jackson and the Creek Nation of the Battle of Horseshoe Bend; ended the Creek-British alliance; eliminated the Native American threat in the South during the War of 1812; opened new land to American settlement

Treaty of Ghent

ended the War of 1812 between the USA and England; signed on 12/24/1814 in Belgium; ended the fighting between the USA and England; returned all conquered territory to the pre-war owner; recognized the pre-war boundary between Canada and the USA; allowed trade to resume between the USA and Europe

Adams-Onis Treaty

an 1819 treaty between the US and Spain that allowed the US to purchased Florida and territory in the Pacific Northwest for $5 million

Compromise of 1820

ended the Missouri Statehood Crisis; proposed by Henry Clay; maintained a balance of states by allowing MO to become a slave state and ME to become a free state; declared that all states created from the Louisiana Purchase above the 36’30 parallel would be free states; all states below the line had the option to become slave states

Monroe Doctrine

1823 declaration made by Monroe that become the basis for America’s foreign policy; US would not allow Europe to intervene or colonize Latin America and the US would in turn remain neutral in European affairs; any attempt on behalf of Europe to break this agreement would be considered an act of aggression/war against the USA

Compromise of 1833

passed as a way to resolve the South Carolina nullification crisis; the US agreed to lower the Tariff rates, and South Carolina agreed not to threaten to secede, and VP John C. Calhoun resigned his potition

Worchester v. Georgia 1836

SCOTUS decision that upheld the Cherokee Nation’s right to stay on their land in GA; disregarded by Jackson’s administration

Ralph Waldo Emerson

founder of Transcendentalism

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist author; civil disobedience

Nathaniel Hawthorne

The Scarlett Letter

Edgar Allen Poe

Introduced the mystery genre (The Tell-Tale Heart)

Herman Melville

Moby Dick

James Fenimore Cooper

Wrote about the American colonial frontier (Last of the Mohegans)

Washington Irving

Wrote about English, Dutch, American folk tales (Legend of Sleepy Hollow)

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Poet; Evangeline; The Song of Hiawatha

Walt Whitman

Poet; Leaves of Grass

John Greenleaf Whittier

Poet; Snowbound (described life in New England)

Christian Temperance Union

led efforts to outlaw alcohol

American Colonization Society

founded the African nation of Liberia in 1821; tried to relocate Black Americans

Grimke Sisters

Southern sisters who wrote and lectured about abolitionism

Dorothea Dix

treat prisoners and the mentally ill more humanely

Horace Mann

leader of the public school movement

Catherine Beecher

established the first all-girls school; sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe

Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe

established the first school for the blind

Thomas Gallaudet

established the first school for the deaf

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

leader in women’s rights; co-established the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention

Lucretia Mott

leader in women’s rights; co-established the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention

Lucy Stone

leader in the women’s suffrage movement; spokeswoman for Anti-Slavery Society

Susan B. Anthony

main leader in the women’s suffrage movement

Sojourner Truth

active in abolition and women’s rights movements (Ain’t I A Woman)

William Lloyd Garrison

abolitionist; wrote The Liberator; founded the American Anti-Slavery Society

Frederick Douglass

abolitionist; wrote an autobiography; founded The North Star

Harriet Tubman

most famous conductor of the Underground Railroad; nicknamed “Moses”

Harriet Beecher Stowe

abolitionist and sister of Catherine Beecher; wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Sylvester Graham

supported better nutrition; inventor of the graham cracker

Amelia Bloomer

supported healthier fashions for women (pantalettes instead of corsets)

Nat Turner

enslaved man who led a revolt of other enslaved Virginians in 1831

Joseph Smith

founder of the LDS church from New York

Brigham Young

leader of the LDS church who established their New Zion community in Utah

Charles G. Finney

President of Oberlin College (first college to admit female and Black students); early founder of the Second Great Awakening

Eli Whitney

invented the cotton gin (1793) and interchangeable parts (1798)

James Watt

invented the steam engine (1780)

Robert Fulton

invented the steamboat (1807)

Peter Cooper

invented the steam locomotive/steam train engine (1830)

Samuel Morse

invented the telegraph (1837)

Cyrus McCormick

invented the mechanical reaper, a farm tool (1837)

John Deere

invented the steel plow (1837)

Samuel Slater

built the first American spinning mill in RI (1793)

Francis Cabot Lowell

established the Lowell Mill, the most famous factory, in MA (1814)

Henry Clay

congressman from KY; warhawk; American System; Whigs: Compromises

John C. Calhoun

congressman from SC; warhawk; VP under Jackson; secession crisis

Oliver Hazard Perry

US Naval Commodore; hero of the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812

Tecumseh & Prophet

Shawnee brothers who attempted to unite Native tribes west of the Mississippi River

Dolley Madison

First Lady; saved Washington’s portrait from the burning White House in 1814

Nicholas Biddle

President of the BUS during Jackson’s bank war

Francis Scott Key

lawyer from MD who wrote The Star Spangled Banner about Fort McHenry