Cell Chemistry

What is the structure of water for molacular formula

consist of 2 hydrogen atom bond with 1 oxygen atom

What is the structure of water for polarity

partial negative at oxygen end, partial positive at hydrogen end

What is the structure of water for bond type

covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms, hydrogen bond between adjacent water molecule

What is the structure of water for shape

bent v-shaped structure about 104.5 angle between hydrogen atom

state Property of water

high surface tension, high heat capacity, universal solvent, latent heat of vapourisation, viscosity, density, transparency

example and function universal solvent 1

Example: ionic compound; Na+ and Cl, Ionic dissociation; O2- are attracted to Na+, H2+ are attracted to Cl

function:essential nerve function, muscle maintaining contraction, and fluid balance

example and function universal solvent 2

exmple: sugar, Intermolecular for force; the + region of water are drawn to the - regions of sugar, and vice versa

function:essential for source. transport and metabolism , as energy source

example and function of density of water

example; Ice floating on ponds/lakes during winter

explanation: Water cools below 4˚C and expands, this cause it has more space, making less dense

function'; helps to regulate temperature prevent it to freeze solid, ecosystem protection.

example and function of transperancy of water

example; sunlight penetrate oceans, can penetrate several meters deep depend on water clarity.

function; allow sun energy enter aquatic ecosystem, support plant growth, oxygen production, overal life.

example and function of viscosity of water 1

example; water movement in plant from roots to leaves via xylem

function; helps deliver water & minerals to all part of plant , support growth and photosythesis

example and function of viscosity of water 2

example; movement through blood vessels including, tiny capillaries.

function; ensure efficient circulation, allowing oxygen, nutrient & waste to transported throughout the body.

example and function of surface tension of water

example; water strider on water surface.

function; due to hydrogen bond create invisble skin that resist externl force.

example and function of latent heat of vapourisation of water

example; evaporation of sweat

function; 1. serves as cooling effect, water absorb heat and evaporates

2. temperature regulation, maintain stable body temp

example and function of specific heat capacity of water

example; cellular function and stability

function; 1. thermal stability, water helps absorb heat for enzyme to stay active during cell metabolism

2.maintaining homeostasis, cytoplsm slow temp change to maintain stable iternal environment

3.efficint heat distribution; heat release from atp used in MC spread evenly, prevent localized overheating, protect protein from damged

what is main function of carbs

1. serves energy source, break into glucose for cell respi to produce atp

2. energy storage in starch and glycogen

3. cell signalling and recognition; attachd to Prtn & lipd , hlp cell communicate and recognize each other

4. source of dietry fibre; cellulose aid in digestion & regulate blood sugar

what is the structure of carbs

made of C,H,O with ratio 1:2:1

bond type: glycosodic bond formed by condensation proces between mono

what is monosaccharides

1. it is simple sugar unit, for quick energy source.

empirical formula (CH2O)n, n= 3 for triose, 5 for pentoses, 6 for hexoses.

It contain aldose(reducing sugar) & keltose( non reducing sugar).

For ring struct; alpha glucose is OH locate at C1 below & beta glucose is OH locate at C1 above.

what is disaccharides

Form from 2 mono units, for energy transport.

sucrose( a-glicose + b-fructose ); lactose ( a-glicose + b-galactose ); maltose ( a-glicose + b-glucose ).

form b condensation process

character: soluble in water but to big to diffuse to CM, hence broke down to small intention to give smaller mono to blood and to cells.

hydrolysed with presence of water.

what is polysacchrides

form from 3 or more mono units, for energy storage.

complex carbohydrates of starch and cellulose in plant and glycogen in animals.

Form by polymerisation via condensation process, water molecule removed & glycosidic bond is form.

Broken down by hydrolysis with help of specific enzyme, such amylase.

explain about starch

Mixture of amylose and amylopectin

poperties and fucntion;Made up of glucose units. Compact, insoluble easily hydrolysed. Ideal for energy bank in plants.

found in grain and potato.

explain cellulose

cellulose molecule is arranged in straight and flip flop manner.

Made up of β-glucose. Major component of wood, forming cable like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plants. Provides structural support for plant.

found in cotten and bamboo.

explain glycogeglycogen

Highly branched compare to starch

Properties and general function;Stored in muscle cells and liver where glycogenolysis take place. insoluble and quickly mobalized, essential for short term energy storage in animal.

found in muscle tissue.