AP Psychology: Memory

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Used a case study on himself and tried to remember nonsense syllables Forgetting curve: the amount of information lost over time (happens super quickly (about a day) and then it levels off)

Schemas

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Retention

the proportion of material that is remembered.

Serial position effect

when you remember the first and last information that was given.

Infantile amnesia

not being able to remember before the age of 3.

Recognition

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple- choice test.

Elizabeth F Loftus

who is known for the misinformation effect, false memory and criticism of recovered memory therapies.

Déjà vu

the experience of thinking that a new situation had occurred before.

Decay theory

proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time.

Distributed practice

(spaced learning) is more effective than massed practice (cramming)

Displacement

defense mechanism in which unwanted feelings are directed towards a different object.

Visual encoding

look at something

Consolidation

A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long- term memory.

Relearning:

the process after a(n) loss of learning of acquiring knowledge.

Anterograde Amnesia

the partial or complete inability to create new memories __after__ the trauma or disease occurred.

Amnesia

the partial or total loss of memory due to an injury or an illness.

Repression

the conscious or unconscious act of eliminating the awareness of painful or unacceptable thoughts and experiences.

Retroactive Interference

the blocking of some new memory is due to some older memory taking precedence (only remember the old)

Proactive interference

the blocking of some older memory is due to some new memory (you cant remember your old password because you only remember your new password)

Selective Attention

the conscious focusing of awareness on a specific task and filtering out other stimuli.

Divided Attention

the conscious focusing of awareness on several stimuli at once.

Iconic Memory

visual sensory store that is very brief, and images can be recalled within less than a second.

Mood congruent memory

congruent memory: the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

Short Term Memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

Retrograde Amnesia

the partial or complete inability to remember information that was learned before the trauma or disease that caused the illness occurred.

Context Dependent Memory

retrieval of information only when you are in the PLACE in which you learned it.

Schema

broad categories that information is organized into for faster responses.

Decay Theory

retrieval becomes harder as time passes.

Tip of the toungue phenomenon (blocking)

when you are aware the existence of a piece of information but cannot seem to pull that information out

priming

memory of a prior repeated stimulus

Echoic Memory

auditory sensory store in which sounds can be recalled within three or four seconds

storage

the retention of encoded information over time

long term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

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Three box information processing model

proposes that there are three stages that information passes through before it is stored.your memory for meanings and general (impersonal) facts

confabulation

the false recollection of episodic memory, filling in gaps.

mnemonic devices

mnemonic devices: devices for, memory tricks or strategies to make information easier to remember

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

sensory memory

the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system

Episodic Memory

Memory of one's personal experiences

semantic memory

your memory for meanings and general (impersonal) facts

Automatic processing

mental activities that are done through unconscious processing.

effortful processing

require conscious processing or attention

Echoic Memory

auditory sensory store in which sounds can be recalled within three or four seconds

Forgetting curve

the amount of information lost over time (happens super quickly (about a day) and then it levels off)

State Dependent Memory

memory where being in the same state of mind help your remember better

Forgetting

an increase in the number of errors when trying to bring back material from memory

seven sins of forgetting

absent mindedness, transience, blocking, missatribution, suggestibility, bias, persistance

misinformation effect

take misleading information and incorperate it into your memory (reconstructing memory)

source amnesia

forget where you learned information

Jean Paiget

comes up with the cognitive stages of developement

Explicit memories

(declarative) have to think to remember

Implicit memories

(procedural) dont have to think to remember

Atkinson-Shiffren Model

3-stage model (1968) sensory→ storage→ long term memory

Modified 3 stage model

external event → sensory information → working (stm) memory→ long term mem.

disuse theory

dont use information so we forget it