Unit 6 & 7 Gradesavers (copy)

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the physical characteristics of place

situation

location of a place relative to its surroundings and connectivity to other places

urbanization

the process of developing towns and cities

suburbanization

the process of people moving, usually from cities to residential areas on the outskirts of cities

urban sprawl

the rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city and occurs for numerous reasons

urban decentralization

the tendency of people or businesses and industries to locate outside the central city

edge cities

nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities

exurb

the prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs

boomburg/boomburb

rapidly growing communities in the suburbs

megacities

cities that have a population of more than 10 million people

metacities

cities that have a population of more than 20 million people OR attributes of a network of urban areas that have grown together to form a large interconnected urban system

megalopolis

a chain of cities

world cities

cities that exert influence far beyond their national boundaries

urban hierarchy

a ranking of cities based on influence or population size

rank-size rule

describes one way in which the sizes of cities within a region may develop

primate cities

cities that are more developed than other cities in the system and are, consequently, more powerful

gravity model

states that larger and closer places will have more interactions than places that are smaller and farther away

Christaller’s Central Place Theory

explains the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region

Central Business District (CBD)

the commercial heart of a city

periférico

the outer ring of a city that shows poverty, lack of infrastructure, and areas of poorly-built housing

infilling

when open space presents an economic opportunity for landowners to build small, multi-family housing units, placing more people into existing city blocks

urban planning

a process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use

filtering

a process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner to abandonment

infrastructure

the facilities and systems that serve the population

municipality

the local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction

mixed land use

combines residential, commercial, cultural, or institutional functions into a building, block, or neighborhood

urban walkability

the extent to which the built environment is friendly to the presence of people living, shopping, visiting, enjoying or spending time in an area

transportation-oriented development

a mixed-use residential and commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport

smart-growth politics

governmental regulations that try to prevent sprawl and retain farmland

sustainable design initiatives

policies/approaches that take into account the human and environmental impacts of a growing city

sustainable design zoning

government allows local and national authorities to regulate and control land and the property markets to ensure complementary uses

greenbelts

areas of undeveloped land around an urban area

new urbanism

the urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and jobs (including sustainable practices)

slow-growth cities

urban communities where the lanners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse effects of sprawl

de facto segregation

racial segregation by the people, not by law

quantitative data

data that can be counted or measured (numbers)

qualitative data

data from surveys

census data

data from censuses

housing discrimination

discrimination of people trying to buy, sell, and/or finance a home based on certain characteristics

redlining

when banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas

blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood

housing affordability

the extent to which housing is affordable, relative to how much the buyer is willing to pay

environmental injustice

the disproportionate exposure of minorities and the poor to pollution and its impacts, plus the unequal protection of their rights under the law

disamenity zone

the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to city services (amenities) and are controlled by gangs and drugs

zone of abandonment

areas of a city that have been deserted by their owners for economic or environmental reasons

squatter settlement

any collection of buildings where people have no legal rights to the land their are built upon

land tenure

the legal protection of contracts to show ownership of the land or structures

inclusionary zoning

offers incentives for developers to set aside a percentage of housing for low-income owner-occupied area of a city

urban renewal

allows governments to clear out the blighted inner-city slums

gentrification

the process of converting an urban inner-city neighborhood from a mostly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly wealthier, owner-occupied area of a city

urban sustainability

a city can be organized without reliance on the surrounding countryside and power itself with renewable energy

ecological footprint

the impact of human activity on the environment

suburban sprawl

the rapid spread of development outward from the inner-city

urban canyons

streets that are lined with tall buildings, can channel and intensify wind, and prevent natural sunlight from reaching the ground

urban heat island

an area of a city warmer than the surrounding areas

brownfields

consists of run down buildings, and polluted or contaminated soils

urban redevelopment

renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up

Industrial Revolution

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a series of technological advances starting in the 18th century

industrialization

transformation away from an agriculture resource-based economy, and towards an economy based on mechanized manufacturing

deindustrialize

a process of decreasing reliance on manufacturing jobs

cottage industry

small, home-based businesses that made goods

rust belt

regions that have large numbers of closed factories

primary sector

Extraction of raw materials and natural resources from the earth’s surface. (mining, fishing, agriculture, forestry)

secondary sector

Processing and manufacturing raw materials into a finished product. (factories & manufacturing)

tertiary sector

Service sector that focuses on moving, selling, and trading products in primary and secondary sectors.  (retail, marketing, design, restaurants, shipping)

quaternary sector

Knowledge-based sector, focusing on research and information creation and transfer. (investment banking, real estate, college professors, education, software developers)

quinary sector

Highest levels of decision making that impact millions, includes top officials in government and business. (Congress, CEO)

break-of-bulk point

the procedure of transferring cargo from one mode of transportation to another

least cost theory

(Alfred Weber) explains the location of manufacturing industries based on three factors: transportation costs, labor cost, and the benefit of agglomeration

multiplier effect

the potential of a job to produce additional jobs

bulk-gaining industries

market-dependent industries, as production happens the weight and bulk of the product increases

bulk-reducing industries

raw material-dependent industries more likely to have their production be, as production happens the weight and bulk of the product reduces (likely located near the raw resources instead of near the market this is because it's cheaper to ship the final product)

core

tend to have the most advanced economies, typically have a higher standard of living, and have more of their job located in the tertiary

semi-periphery

countries that have an emerging economy that are experiencing an increase in their standard of living and have many jobs in the country located in the secondary sector as more industrialization continues to occur

periphery

lower standard of living since industrialization has not happened yet causing many of the jobs in the economy to be located in the primary sector (poor countries)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

the amount of money, all goods and services produced within a country in a year

Gross National Product (GNP)/Gross National Income (GNI)

the amount of money all goods and services produced by a country’s citizens in a year

Gross National Income Per Capita

a measure of the total value of goods and services produced in a country divided by the country’s population

formal sector

the portion of the economy that is monitored by government, so people in it to follow regulations and pay taxes

informal sector

the portion of the economy that is not monitored by the government

GINI Coefficient

One measure of the distribution of income within a population. The values range from 0 to 1. The higher the number, the higher the degree of income inequality. If the number was zero, everyone would be getting paid the same.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A measure of several factors, including gender disparity. The higher the number, the more potential human development lost.

Human Development Index (HDI)

Combines the GNI per capita, with life expectancy, expected years of schooling, and average years of schooling. The higher the number, the greater levels of development.

income distribution

how income is distributed among different groups of individuals

fertility rate

an estimate of the average number of children born to each female in their childbearing years

infant mortality rate

the number of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under one year of age

access to healthcare

having access to healthcare

glass ceiling

a barrier to career advancement, usually in reference to women/minorities

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)

organizations that empower women to find jobs outside their homes, an organization that is not part of the local or state or federal government

micro loans

loans provided to woman by microcredit or micro finance programs to start or expand a business

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth

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1. Traditional Society
2. Preconditions of Take-Off
3. Take-Off
4. Drive to Maturity
5. High Mass Consumption

Wallerstein’s World System Theory

divided the world into core, periphery, and semi-periphery

Dependency Theory

a dependency model that suggests all countries are dependent on each other

barter

a system of exchange in which no money changes hands

comparative advantage

the ability to produce a good or service at a lower cost than others; says a country should specialize in certain products for export when they hold an advantage in producing those products, and import other products in which they do not have an advantage as compared to other countries

complementarity

when a country has good or services, another country desires

neoliberal policies

a set of reforms that reduced government regulations (less government control) and taxation

World Trade Organizations (WTO)

global organizations made to monitor the rules of international trade

mercosur

a trading bloc that includes several South American countries

The Organization of Petroleum Exchange Countries (OPEC)

an intergovernmental organization of 13 oil-producing countries that aim to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its members states