Chemistry - Pre finals

catalyst

any substance that affects the rate of reaction without being consumed.

Positive & Negative

Two Types: Catalysis

Positive Catalysis

Increases rate by lowering the activation energy

Negative Catalysis (Inhibitor)

Decreases the rate by raising the required activation energy

Heterogeneous

Catalyst is in a different phase from reactants

Adsorptive

Molecules in fluids (adsorbate) bind to a solid or liquid surface (adsorbent).

Surface

The adsorbate's molecules diffuse on the adsorbent's surface.

Alkanes

Single bonds only

Alkenes

At least one double bond

Alkynes

At least one triple bond

Aromatics

Benzene ring

Alcohols

Hydroxyl group

Spectroscopy

Uses various principles to test the material’s quantifiable properties

Polymers

large molecules made of repeating subunits called monomers.

Homopolymers

Only one type of monomer

Copolymers

Two or more types of monomers

Isomerism

Know Cis- (same side) vs. Trans- (opposite side) configurations

Ore Leaching

Washing away impurities

Froth Flotation

Blowing air to make valuable minerals float (creating a froth).

Liquescence

Separating ore with the lower melting point

Magnetic Separation

Using magnetic manipulation to separate minerals

OFLM

4 Ore Enrichment

Ore Leaching

Ore Enrichment: Oflm

Froth Flotation

Ore Enrichment (4 ways): 2nd

Liquescence

Ore Enrichment (4ways): 3rd

Magnetic Separation

Ore Enrichment: oflM

calcination and roasting

Conversion of Enriched Ores to Metal Oxides (2 ways):

Calcination

Conversion of Enriched Ores to Metal Oxides (2ways): 1st

Roasting

Conversion of Enriched Ores to Metal Oxides (2ways): 2nd

Calcination

Converting carbonates and other ores into metal oxides by heating in the absence of air

Roasting

Converting sulfide ores into metal oxides by heating in the presence of air

Heat Reduction and Chemical Reduction

Metal Extraction from Metal Oxides (2 ways)

Heat Reduction

Metal Extraction from Metal Oxides: Hc

Chemical Reduction

Metal Extraction from Metal Oxides: hC

Heat Reduction

Reducing the metal oxide using carbon (or carbon monoxide)

Chemical Reduction

Reducing the metal oxide using a more reactive metal like Aluminum

Casting

Melting metal, pouring into a mold, and cooling to solidify.

Forging

Hammering a metal billet into shape, usually while hot.

Rolling

Passing a billet through rollers to make thin sheets or plates.

Extrusion

Forcing a hot metal into a die to create a cross-sectional shape.

Heat Treatment

Altering the molecular structure (e.g., annealing, tempering, quenching).

Hemming and Seaming

Folding a process used to improve a metal's finish, hide imperfections, or reinforce its edges

Hot Working

Done above the recrystallization temperature. Easier to shape, but you lose mechanical strength due to oxidation/scaling

Cold Working

Done below the recrystallization temperature. Improves strength and hardness, but is limited in shape complexity.

Addition Reaction and Condensation Reaction

two main ways to make polymers

Addition Reaction

Involves unsaturated compounds

Condensation Reaction

Involves two or more molecules combining to form a larger molecule.