ENTO 201 - Exam 3 - Psocodea & Thysanoptera

Psocodea

barklice, booklice, and true lice

How big do bark lice and book lice get?

1-10 mm, mostly under 6 mm

What type of metamorphosis does Psocodea undergo?

hemimetabolous/incomplete metamorphosis

Where can Psocodea be found?

worldwide

How many families make up Psocodea?

61 families

How many species make up Psocodea?

more than 11,270 species

What percent of total insect biodiversity does Psocodea make up?

0.99%

What are the key features of Psocodea?

they are small and generally cryptic, they have a clypeus (front of face) that distinctly bulges outwards, the wings are macropterous, brachypterous, or absent, they are very common on trees, vegetation, and in litter, and also can be found in caves and nests of birds, bees, and wasps.

true or false: some species of Psocodea are pests of stored products

true

What are the morphological traits of Psocodea?

they have prominent compound eyes, long, thread-like antennae, simple chewing mouthparts with asymmetrical mandibles, are epiphytic grazers. they use their asymmetrical mandibles to scrape away at microflora including algae, lichens, molds, and fungal spores. their wings are held roof-like over the body at rest.

What is the lifestyle of Psocodea?

they can be solitary or gregarious

True or false: Psocodea are parthenogenic.

true, all Psocodea individuals of some species are female and reproduce without mating

What is the courtship and reproduction like for Psocodea?

in some species, courtship involves sound production from organs on the third leg. the males of this species are choosy, not the females. the males give the females a spermatophore which is deposited into the spermatheca. a female may carry more than 10 spermatophores during her lifetime = mates more than once in her life.

What is Psocodea's association with humans like?

they are often very widespread and can be pests associated with houses and stored products, including dried fruits and grains, flour, and some museum collections. outbreaks of Psocodea often occur due to poor housekeeping, and a combination of warm and damp conditions.

What are the three types of true lice?

head louse, body louse, and crab louse

What are the key features of true lice?

they are small, wingless, flattened ectoparasites living permanently on vertebrate hosts (mammals & birds). they feed on skin, debris, secretions, feathers, or blood. the legs are modified for clinging to fur or feathers. there are several species that are significant vectors of human and animal diseases.

What are more characteristics of ectoparasitic wingless insects (true lice)?

they spend their entire lives in the microhabitat provided by the skin, fur, hair, or feathers

What animal are lice not found on?

bats - they took to the air well before lice became widespread and they live in caves away from other animals

What are the 4 true lice suborders?

Amblycera, Ischnocera, Anoplura, and Ryhnchopthirina

What are the characteristics of true lice suborder Amblycera?

they have a biting feeding method, their food is skin, secretions, feathers, blood, and their hosts are birds and mammals

What are the characteristics of true lice suborder Ischnocera?

They have a biting feeding method, they eat skin, secretions, feathers, and blood, and their hosts are birds and mammals

What are the characteristics of true lice suborder Anoplura?

they have a sucking feeding method, their food is blood, and their hosts are mammals including humans

What are the characteristics of true lice suborder Ryhnchopthirina?

they have a biting feeding methods, they eat skin, debris, etc. and their hosts are warthogs and elephants

What are the common features of true lice?

they are wingless, have tough, flexible, dorso-ventrally flattened bodies, eyes that are small or absent, short and stout antennae, and legs that are short and robust

What are true lice eggs like?

they are usually stuck to hair or feather with a waterproof, fast-acting glue

What is the head lice lifecycle?

they have 3 nymphal stages before reaching the adult stage. it takes about two weeks from hatching to become an adult. many lice have a symbiotic relationship with bacteria which allow the lice to digest feather proteins (keratin) and blood.

true or false: lice can survive separated from their hosts for a long time

false, the lice will die if they are separated from their hosts for too long

What prevented Napoleon's invasion of Russia (1812)?

Napoleon's army failed at invading Russia because they all got typhus from a bacteria (Rickettsia) carried by lice and died.

What show did we watch in class?

a lice episode from South Park

What are the physical characteristics of true lice?

they have small compound eyes, short antennae, a single tarsal claw, tibia, short, robust legs, and the thoracic segments are fused

What are the characteristics of bird lice?

they feed on feather shafts (at the base of feathers), can be serious pests of poultry. a bird lice infestation generally leads to feather loss and reduced host health. species of the genus Piagetiella live inside the throat pouches of cormorants and pelicans. studies on cliff swallows show high parasite loads do not affect fitness.

What are the characteristics of mammal lice?

they live in the fur and feed on skin fragments, hair, secretions, and blood. hair and fur become damaged if populations become too large. some are pest species of domesticated animals including cattle, horses, and dogs

What type of lice belong to the suborder Anoplura and are found on humans?

sucking, body, and head lice

What are the characteristics of sucking, body, and head lice?

the mouthparts are modified to form a piercing structure that is retracted when not in use, they are attached to mammals (including humans) and can vector several human and animal diseases, and head and pubic lice respond differently to gravity (head lice go up and crab/pubic lice go down).

What is the relationship between lice, humans, and evolution?

the degree of host specificity in lice is high. genetic analysis of pubic lice suggests that the parasites were transferred between early humans and gorillas about 3.3 million years ago. these lice were likely acquired from humans sleeping in abandoned gorilla nests.

How do you get rid of lice?

louse-infested animals can remove lice by biting them through preening or grooming, birds can use dust baths but "anting" is more effective because the ants will remove the lice for the birds, and frequent combing controls head lice for humans

Thysanoptera

thrips

What the meaning of Thysanoptera?

fringe/tassle wings

How big does Thysanoptera get?

the body length is 0.5 to 12 mm with most being under 3 mm

What type of metamorphosis does Thysanoptera undergo?

incomplete metamorphosis but with resting pupa-like stages/hemimetabolous

Where can Thysanoptera be found?

worldwide

How many families make up Thysanoptera?

8 families

How many species make up Thysanoptera?

5000 known species

What percent of total insect biodiversity does Thysanoptera make up?

0.45%

Which insect order is now considered derived from barklice and booklice?

Thysanoptera

What are the key features of Thysanoptera?

they have small to very small, slender bodies, prominent, large-faceted eyes, mainly liquid feeders, and many are serious plant pests

What is interesting about Thysanoptera wings?

the two pairs of wings are very narrow, they have long fringes of hairs on their margins, and have like or no obvious venation

What are the physical characteristics of Thysanoptera?

They have antennae, ocelli, compound eyes, pronotum, small and slender bodies, short legs, and narrow, hair-fringed wings

How does Thysanoptera feed?

they have piercing and sucking mouthparts that are asymmetrical. one mandible is very small and nonfunctional while the other mandible is sharp and stylet-like. the other mouthparts are like a straw; they are used to suck up liquid foodstuffs

What is unique about Thysanoptera lifecycles?

there are one or more pupa-like stages between the nymphal stages and the adult stage. the pupal stages have a degree of tissue reorganization. the thrips start as eggs, grow into first-instar nymphs, then into second-instar nymphs, then prepupa, then pupa, and then adult which lays eggs and restarts the lifecycle.

What is Thysanoptera reproduction like?

males often fight to the death for females. thrips use enlarged front legs to grapple and stab each other to control access to prime egg laying sites and thus access to females. defending males are often defeated through accumulated injuries from previous fights. the development from egg to adult takes about 15 days.

What effects on crops can Thysanoptera have?

loss due to thrip damage can be estimated at billions of dollars. the herbivorous and pollen feeding species are very destructive. they are also responsible for the transmission of many plant diseases. some thrips can be beneficial because the predacious ones eat other thrips and some control the spread of weeds.