Study Guide for Exam 4 - EDF 3020

A set of vocabulary flashcards for reviewing key terms and concepts from Chapters 7 and 8 in EDF 3020, focusing on personal, social, moral development and instructional strategies.

Personality

Relatively stable individual characteristics in how a person thinks, feels, and behaves.

The Big Five Personality Traits

Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Effortful Control

The extent to which one can sustain attention, inhibit impulses, and engage in planning.

Authoritative Parenting

A style characterized by loving support, high standards, and age-appropriate autonomy leading to self-confident and socially skillful children.

Identity Achievement

Explored alternatives and made a commitment; associated with higher self-esteem and psychological well-being.

Peer Contagion

A phenomenon where behaviors, attitudes, and values spread from one youth to another.

Social Cognition

The process of thinking about how other people are likely to think, act, and react.

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Proposes three levels and six stages of moral reasoning, focusing on the reasoning behind decisions.

Empathy

Experience of sharing the same feelings as someone in unfortunate circumstances.

Cisgender and Transgender

Cisgender refers to individuals whose gender identity matches their assigned sex at birth; transgender refers to those whose gender identity differs from their assigned sex.

Bullying

Aggressive behavior intended to harm or intimidate another individual.

Moral Transgressions

Actions that cause harm or infringe on the rights of others.

Mirror Neurons

Neurons that fire both when performing a behavior and when observing someone else perform that behavior.

Gender Schemas

Self-constructed understandings about characteristics of male, female, and transgender individuals.

Social Information Processing

Mental processes involved in making sense of and responding to social events.

Aggression

Behavior intended to cause harm or injury to another.

Goodness of Fit

The degree of match between a student’s natural personality traits and classroom expectations.

Identity Diffusion

No exploration and no commitment, often resulting in apathy.

Induction

Explaining why a behavior is unacceptable, often focusing on the pain caused to others.

Student-Directed Instruction

An approach where students have considerable control over the issues they address and the methods they use.

Teacher-Directed Instruction

An approach where the teacher is largely in control of the content and direction of the lesson.

Traits are

relatively consistent but they can shift across different environments and can sometimes

be intentionally changed

Personality traits are

influenced by both genetic and environmental factors; we also tend to seek out

environments that align with our existing traits.

Authoritarian Parenting Style

Demands complete, immediate compliance; no negotiation; rules given without explanation; underlying message of family loyalty

Permissive Parenting

Responsive and caring, but few rules or behavioral expectations; children often get their own way.

Uninvolved Parenting

Low responsiveness and few expectations; minimal engagement or emotional support.

Personal Fable

Belief that one is completely unique and cannot be understood by others; often includes a sense of invulnerability or immortality; declines in later adolescence but never fully disappears.

Imaginary Audience

Belief that one is the center of attention in social situations; particularly prevalent during early adolescence.

Reciprocal Effects Model

A bidirectional cycle where academic self-concept affects achievement and vice versa, creating a mutually reinforcing relationship over time.

Group Membership

Being part of a prestigious or successful group can raise self-esteem, leading individuals to adopt the group's characteristics.

Ethnic-Racial Identity

Awareness of membership in a specific ethnic, racial, or cultural group, which can buffer against prejudice; the strength of this identity may vary and change over time.

Gender vs. Sex

Gender is a socially constructed concept while sex refers to biological attributes.

Gender Identity

Internal sense of being male, female, somewhere in between, a combination, or neither; begins developing as early as age 3 or 4.

Perspective taking

ability to look at a situation from someone else’s pov

Challenges faced by Transgender Students

Transgender students often face higher rates of violence, depression, homelessness, substance use, and suicidality; they may hide their identity due to fear of bullying.

Theory of mind

self constructed understanding of ones own and others mental and psychological states

Sexual Orientation Identity

Component of identity based on patterns of emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction; distinct from gender identity and develops at a different time.

Challenges faced by LGBTQ+ Adolescents

Gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents face higher rates of cyberbullying, depression, and suicide attempts.

Self-Socialization

Process where children define themselves by integrating others' beliefs with their own, forming standards; younger children look to parents while older children shift towards peers.

Sense of Self

Perceptions, beliefs, judgments, and feelings about who you are as a person.

Self-Concept

Perception of your competence in a given domain; for example, 'I'm good at that thing'.

Self-Esteem (Self-Worth)

Emotional reaction to your overall evaluation of yourself as a person of worth; lower self-esteem is linked to depression and poorer relationships.

Self-Efficacy

Confidence that you can succeed at a specific task; for example, 'I'm confident I can do this'.

Accomodate diverse personality traits

adjust instruction to support ares of difficulty

Social standing types

popular, rejected, controversial, neglected

Recursive thinking

thinking about what other people may be thinking about oneself; develops in early adolescence

Backward design approach

start with the end in mind

1. identify goals and objectives

2. select or create assessments

3. plan instructional activity

Psychological Aggression

Actions intended to cause mental distress or diminish an individual's self-esteem, such as verbal attacks or manipulation.

Relational Aggression

A form of aggression that seeks to harm others by damaging their social relationships, such as exclusion or gossiping.

Proactive Aggression

Intentional aggressive behavior aimed at achieving a specific goal, often premeditated and strategic.

Reactive Aggression

Aggressive behavior that occurs in response to perceived threats or frustrations, often impulsive and emotional.

Peer mediation

a student mediator helps peers in conflict express their differing viewpoints and work toward a reasonable resolution

Morality

One's general standards regarding what is considered right and wrong behavior, influencing decisions and actions.

Prosocial Behavior

Behavior aimed at benefiting others, promoting well-being, and contributing positively to society rather than focusing solely on oneself.

Conventional Transgressions

Actions that violate societal norms or expectations for appropriate behavior, often leading to social disapproval.

Sympathy

A feeling of sorrow for another person's distress, often accompanied by a desire to provide support and concern for their well-being.