Cell Structure and Microscope Functionality

Function of the nucleus

Stores DNA and coordinates cell activities

Function of the nucleolus

Makes ribosomes

Function of chromatin

Uncondensed form of DNA used for gene expression

Nuclear envelope

Membrane that surrounds the nucleus and controls what enters/exits

Function of the mitochondria

Produces ATP (energy) through cellular respiration

Function of the Golgi apparatus

Modifies, packages, and ships proteins

Function of the rough ER

Synthesizes proteins and has ribosomes attached

Function of the smooth ER

Makes lipids and detoxifies substances

Function of the ribosome

Synthesizes proteins

Function of the centrosome

Helps organize microtubules and cell division

Cytosol

Fluid inside the cell where organelles are suspended

Function of the cell (plasma) membrane

Controls what enters and exits the cell

Function of microvilli

Increases surface area for absorption (e.g., small intestine)

Location of cilia

Lining of respiratory tract (moves mucus)

Function of flagella

Movement of the entire cell (e.g., sperm)

Pseudopod

Temporary projection used for movement or engulfing particles (e.g., amoeba)

Organelles involved in protein synthesis

Nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi apparatus

Organelles responsible for energy production

Mitochondria

Structures that help with detoxification

Smooth ER and peroxisomes

Part of the microscope to look through

Ocular lens (eyepiece)

Part that holds and rotates objective lenses

Revolving nosepiece

Magnifications of the objective lenses

4X (scanning), 10X (low), 40X (high)

Total magnification using 10X objective lens and 10X eyepiece

100X

Function of the coarse adjustment knob

Moves stage up and down for general focusing

Function of the fine adjustment knob

Sharpens the focus

Function of the condenser

Focuses light onto the specimen

Function of the diaphragm

Controls the amount of light

Effect of increasing magnification on field of view

Field of view gets smaller

Effect of magnification on working distance

Working distance decreases

Effect of increasing magnification on light intensity

Light intensity decreases

Image orientation under the microscope

Image appears inverted and reversed

Depth of field

Thickness of the specimen that is in focus at one time

Proper way to carry a microscope

One hand on arm, one hand under base

Formula to calculate total magnification

Ocular lens x Objective lens

Convert 1,000 nm to micrometers (μm)

1 μm

Convert 1 mm to micrometers (μm)

1,000 μm

Convert 1 μm to nanometers (nm)

1,000 nm

Convert 0.001 m to mm

1 mm

Action before changing magnification

Center the specimen and focus at lower power

Increasing depth of focus

More layers of the specimen are visible at once

Organelle abundant in a cell that produces lots of ATP

Mitochondria

Organelle abundant in a cell that secretes protein

Rough ER and Golgi apparatus