HEMA1 8TH LE REVIEWER

antonie van leeuwenhoek

invented the microscope

antonie van leeuwenhoek

father of microbiology

paul ehrlich

known for his work in staining blood cell granules and tissues

paul ehrlich

german scientist who developed and evaluated cell-specific dyes

paul ehrlich

delineated various leukocytes based on their destaining properties

wallace coulter

inventor of the first automated analyzers for cell counting in 1956

laser scatter and fluorescent dye

anchors cells to specific positions in SF cube technology

semi automated

fully automated

types of hematology analyzers according to their degree of automation

3 part differential cell counter

5 part differential cell counter

types of hematology analyzers according to the type of differential white cell count

electrical impedance

principles used by the 3 part differential cell counter

electrical impedance

flow cytometry

peroxidase staining

volume conductivity scatter (VCS)

principles used by the 5 part differential cell counter

3 part differential cell counter

type of hematology analyzer that differentiates WBCs into neutrophils, lymphocytes, and mixed cell counts

5 part differential cell counter

type of hematology analyzer that differentiates WBCs into neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils

wallace coulter

first to introduce the principle of electrical impedance

electrical impedance

principle based on blood's characteristic as a poor electrical conductor

coulter principle

detection and measurement of change in electrical impedance produced by a blood cell as it passes through an electrical field

DC current

type of current employed in electrical impedance

conductive buffered electrolyte

in electrical impedance, the 2 chambers are filled with what

FALSE: NUMBER of voltage pulses is proportional to the number of cells

TRUE/FALSE: the height of the voltage pulse is directly proportional to the number of cells

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE: the height of the voltage pulse is directly proportional to the volume of the cell

photo detector

component of flow cytometry that detects the scattering of light

excitation laser

the focused light source that hits the cells in flow cytometry

forward-angle light scatter

this measures cell size/volume in flow cytometry

side-angle light scatter

this measures the degree of complexity/granularity in flow cytometry

forward low angle scatter

forward high angle scatter

this measures cell volume/size, refractive index, degree of complexity/granularity in flow cytometry

fluorescence flow cytometry

measures cells which are suspended in a fluid and have a fluorescence marker attached

polymethine fluorescent dye

stains nucleic acid elements in fluorescence flow cytometry

side fluorescence

this indicates the amount of nucleic acids present in the cell in fluorescence flow cytometry

fluorescence light

light that shows the cell's RNA/DNA content in fluorescence flow cytometry

interrogation point

the point in the flow cytometry machine wherein cells pass through the laser beam

histogram or dot plot

type of graphical presentation used in flow cytometry

x-axis

in the histogram plot for flow cytometry, the amount of forward scattered light is located on which axis

y-axis

in the histogram plot for flow cytometry, the number of cells is located on which axis

fluorophores

also known as fluorescent molecules

emission filters

component of flow cytometry that allows for the detection of multiple different fluorophores

electrical impedance

radiofrequency is used in conjunction with what principle

radiofrequency/conductivity

principle which operates on the basis that a cell's interior density is proportional to the pulse size or change in RF signal

pulse size or change in RF signal

in radiofrequency a cell's interior density is proportional to

two-dimensional distribution cytogram or scatterplot

type of graphical presentation used in radiofrequency

conductivity

radiofrequency principle is also known as

high frequency electromagnetic probe

conductivity is measured using this instrument

nucleus to cytoplasm ratio

nuclear density

cytoplasmic granularity

a cell's conductivity is dependent on these factors

myeloperoxidase

enzyme used in peroxidase based counters to count neutrophils

neutrophils

myeloperoxidase is used for the detection of

lymphocytes

type of WBC which myeloperoxidase does not stain

CD41

CD61

antibodies used to detect platelets in immunological based analyzers

platelet

immunological based analyzers use CD41/61 to detect these blood components

coulter hematology analyzer

IDENTIFY THE ANALYZER: measurement channels in 1 hydraulic system

coulter hematology analyzer

IDENTIFY THE ANALYZER: measures RBC WBC and hemoglobin directly

EDTA blood

sample used by the major hematology analyzers

sysmex hematology analyzer

IDENTIFY THE ANALYZER: 3 hydraulic systems

sysmex hematology analyzer

IDENTIFY THE ANALYZER: measures RBC, WBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelets directly

sysmex hematology analyzer

IDENTIFY THE ANALYZER: uses hydrodynamic focusing to enhance impedance technology

hydrodynamic focusing

it is the confinement or redirection of a slower flowing stream by a faster flowing stream

FALSE: in hydrodynamic focusing, the central fluid is injected at a lower rate than the sheet fluid

TRUE/FALSE: in hydrodynamic focusing, the central fluid is injected a a higher rate than the sheet fluid

FALSE: cell suspension does not mix with the sheet fluid because of pressure differences

TRUE/FALSE: to produce a single file line of cells in hydrodynamic focusing, the cell suspension mixes with the sheet fluid because of pressure similarities

abbott hematology analyzer

IDENTIFY THE ANALYZER: 3 measurement channels

abbott hematology analyzer

IDENTIFY THE ANALYZER: measures RBC, WBC, differentials, platelets and hemoglobin directly

abbott hematology analyzer

IDENTIFY THE ANALYZER: makes used of a von behrens plate

von behrens plate

prevents the cells from re=entering the sensing zone after passing through the orifice and therefore protects against an overstimate of cell counts

multiangle polarized scatter separation tech

used for differential counts in abbott hematology analyzer

siemens hematology analyzer

IDENTIFY THE ANALYZER: 4 measurement channels

siemens hematology analyzer

IDENTIFY THE ANALYZER: unifluidics technology

siemens hematology analyzer

IDENTIFY THE ANALYZER: measures RBC, platelets, hemoglobin, peroxidase for differential, basophil lobularity

siemens hematology analyzer

IDENTIFY THE ANALYZER: utilizes MIE theory

MIE theory

theory of light scatter of dielectric spheres that eliminates variation in cellular hemoglobin

@

indicates that data is outside linearity limit

*

indicates that data is doubtful

FALSE: a result is generated

TRUE/FALSE: when a doubtful result is obtained by an analyzer no result is generated and is indicated by a *

+ or -

> or <

indicates that the data is outside the reference limit

----

indicates an analysis error

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE: data does not appear when there is an analysis error and is indicated by ----

++++

indicates that data exceeds the display limits

discrimination threshold

also known as limit or cut point

discrimination threshold

ensures that the test yields a positive, and a negative result as well as within the reference interval

y

x

__-axis = cell number

__-axis = cell size

left side

in a histogram, smaller cells appear on which side

right side

in a histogram, larger cells appear on which side

flagging system

feature that informs the laboratorian if the analyzer detects any significant abnormalities of any cell

yellow

abbott hematology analyzers display low values as what color

purple

abbott hematology analyzers display high values as what color

directly measured

DIRECTLY MEASURED/HISTOGRAM/CALCULATED: RBC count

directly measured

DIRECTLY MEASURED/HISTOGRAM/CALCULATED: WBC count

directly measured

DIRECTLY MEASURED/HISTOGRAM/CALCULATED: platelet count

directly measured

DIRECTLY MEASURED/HISTOGRAM/CALCULATED: hemoglobin

directly measured

DIRECTLY MEASURED/HISTOGRAM/CALCULATED: reticulocyte count

histogram

DIRECTLY MEASURED/HISTOGRAM/CALCULATED: mean corpuscular volume

histogram

DIRECTLY MEASURED/HISTOGRAM/CALCULATED: red cell distribution width

histogram

DIRECTLY MEASURED/HISTOGRAM/CALCULATED: DLC

histogram

DIRECTLY MEASURED/HISTOGRAM/CALCULATED: PDW

directly measured

DIRECTLY MEASURED/HISTOGRAM/CALCULATED: hematocrit in sysmex hematology analyzer

calculated

DIRECTLY MEASURED/HISTOGRAM/CALCULATED: mean corpuscular hemoglobin

calculated

DIRECTLY MEASURED/HISTOGRAM/CALCULATED: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

isotonic

tonicity of diluent used in electrical impedance

electrical impedance

principle that measures volume in VCS regardless of their orientation

AC

current used in radiofrequency principle

radiofrequency/conductivity

principle in VCS technology which utilizes an alternating current short circuits the bipolar lipids layer of cell membranes allowing for energy to penetrate the cell allowing for the determination of cell size, internal structure, chemical composition, and nuclear volume

flow cytometry (forward and side scatter)

principle used in VCS technology which utilizes median angle light scatter to measure granularity, nuclear lobularity and cell surface structure

size

internal structure

chemical composition

nuclear volume

conductivity in VCS technology measures what parameters

granularity

nuclear lobularity

cell surface structure

scatter in VCS technology measures what parameters