Chapter 9: Global Change (copy)

Stratosphere

The layer of the atmosphere containing approximately 97% of the ozone, situated between 9 and 25 miles (15–40 km) above Earth's surface.

Formation of Stratospheric Ozone

Occurs when ultraviolet radiation strikes an oxygen molecule, creating atomic oxygen that can combine with oxygen molecules to form ozone.

UVA

The form of ultraviolet radiation closest to blue light in the spectrum, primarily causing skin tanning.

UVB

Ultraviolet radiation that causes blistering sunburns and is associated with skin cancer.

UVC

A form of ultraviolet radiation found only in the stratosphere and largely responsible for the formation of ozone.

Ozone Layer

A belt of naturally occurring ozone gas located between 9 and 19 miles (15–30 km) above Earth, shielding from harmful ultraviolet B radiation.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Nonflammable chemicals containing carbon, chlorine, and fluorine, contributing to ozone layer depletion.

Halocarbons (halons)

Organic chemical molecules with at least one carbon atom and one or more halogen atoms such as fluorine and chlorine.

Effects of Ozone Depletion

Includes reductions in crop production, immune system effectiveness, phytoplankton growth, and increases in skin cancer.

Legislation to Reduce Ozone Depletion

Supports regulations that reduce the use of ozone-destroying chemicals in various products.

Greenhouse Effect

Phenomenon where greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation, trapping heat in the atmosphere after sunlight strikes Earth's surface.

Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Major sources include agriculture, energy supply, transportation, and industrial processes.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

An important greenhouse gas released through human activities and natural processes, significant for climate change.

Methane (CH4)

A potent greenhouse gas released during agricultural activities, waste management, and energy use.

Montreal Protocol

An international treaty aimed at phasing out substances responsible for ozone depletion.

Kyoto Protocol

A UN plan created to reduce the effects of climate change by lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

Invasive Species

Plants or animals transported to an area where they do not naturally live, often disrupting local ecosystems.

Endangered Species

Species at very high risk of extinction in the wild due to various ecological and anthropogenic factors.

Characteristics Contributing to Endangerment

Include competition with humans, habitat loss, limited geographic range, and low reproductive rates.

Biodiversity Conservation Methods

Includes creating wildlife sanctuaries, managing habitats, and implementing laws to protect endangered species.