Chapter 3: The chemical basis of life II

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organic molecules

Last updated 11:45 PM on 9/3/23
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105 Terms

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molecules containing carbon are said to be ____________
organic molecules
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almost all organic compounds associated with life also contain ___________
hydrogen atoms
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macromolecules are
large, complex organic molecules
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how many bonds can carbon make
four
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how many electrons do atoms need to fill the outer shell
eight
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carbon can form ______________
non polar and polar bonds
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molecules with non polar bonds are ______
poorly water soluble
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molecules with polar bonds are ________
more water soluble
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hydrocarbons
organic molecules with high proportion of carbon-hydrogen bonds
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hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of ______
energy
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___________ can replace one or more of the hydrogens bonded to the carbon skeleton
chemical groups
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functional groups are
groups of atoms with special chemical features that are functionally important
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each type of functional group exhibits the _________ in all molecules in which it occurs
same properties
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isomers are two molecules with an identical molecular formula but _______ and characteristics
different structures
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structural isomers contain
the same atoms but in different bonding relationships
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stereoisomers
identical bonding relationships, but the spatial positioning of the atoms differs in the two isomers
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cis-trans isomers
carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but the atoms differ in their positioning around double bond
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enantiomers
isomers that are mirror images of one another
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polymer
a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
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the small building block molecules are called
monomers
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the enzymes tend to
speed up chemical reactions
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condensation reaction
one molecule of water removed per monomer

catalyzed by enzymes
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hydrolysis reaction
one molecule of water is added per monomer released

catalyzed by enzymes
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macromolecules
large molecules of life
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carbohydrates serve as
fuel and building material
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carbohydrates include
sugars and the polymers of sugars
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carbohydrates are composed of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
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most of the carbon atoms in a carbohydrate are linked to a
hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group
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monosaccharides
the simplest sugars
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monosaccharides serve as a
major nutrient for cells and as raw material for building molecules
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5 carbons
pentose
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6 carbons
hexose
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the most common monosaccharide
glucose
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structural isomers
different arrangement of the same elements
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stereoisomers
hydroxyl group of carbon 1 is above or below ring (a & b glucose)

enantiomers with mirror image structure (d & l glucose)
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disaccharides are carbohydrates composed of
two monosaccharides
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disaccharides are joined by _______ and separated by _______
glycosidic bond; hydrolysis
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disaccharide example
sucrose, maltose, lactose
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polysaccharides
many monosaccharides linked together to form long polymers
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the structure and function of polysaccharides are determined by
its sugar monomers and the positions of glycosidic bonds
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lipids
a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
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lipids are composed predominantly of
hydrogen and carbon atoms
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a defining feature of lipids is
they are non polar and therefore vary insoluble in water
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lipids comprise about _______ of the organic matter in the average human body
40%
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fats are constructed from
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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a fatty acid consist of a
carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
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fatty acids are joined by _______ and broken apart by _________
dehydration; hydrolysis
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fatty acids vary in length and in the number and locations of _________
double bonds
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Saturated fats
all carbons linked by single bonds

tend to be solid at room temp

animal fats
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unsaturated fats
contain one or more double bond

tend to be liquid at room temp

plant fats
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fats are important for ________
energy storage
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fats can also be ___________ providing cushioning and insulation
structural
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in ___________ two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol
phospholipids
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phospholipids are
amphipathic

the heads are hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic
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phospholipids are major constituents of
cell membranes
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a ________________ can exist as a stable boundary between two aqueous compartments
phospholipid bilayer
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_________ are lipids with four interconnected rings of carbon atoms
steriods
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Steroids are usually __________ in water
insoluble
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small differences in structure can lead to profoundly different
specific biological properities
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__________ include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
Proteins
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proteins are composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and small amounts of other elements, notably sulfur
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amino acids are the
monomers
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amino acids are
organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
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amino acids differ in their properties due to differing side chains called
R groups
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A polypeptide is a
polymer of amino acids
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amino acids are joined by
dehydration reaction
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polypeptides range in length from
a few to more than a thousand monomers
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________ may be formed from one or several polypeptides
proteins
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Polypeptides are broken down by ______
hydrolysis
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peptide bond formation is between two _________
amino acids
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each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of amino acids, with a
carboxyl end and an amino end
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a protein is a
biologically functional molecules that consists of one or more polypeptides
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polypeptides are
twisted, folded, and coiled into unique shape
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the amino acid sequence of each polypeptide leads to a
protein’s 3D structure
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a protein’s structure determines its
function
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primary structure
amino acids build a simple chain held together by peptide bonds
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secondary structure
amino acids that are close together, interact via hydrogen bonds between the CO and NH
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tertiary structure
3D folding due to side chain interactions, created by electrostatic, hydrogen and Van Der Waals bonds
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quaternary structure
built of several separate polypeptide chains that are folded together
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quaternary structure are made up of
two or more polypeptides
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individual polypeptide chains are
protein subunits
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proteins can be formed from
serveral copies of the same polypeptide
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a multimeric protein is composed from
different polypeptides
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the five factors that promote protein folding and stability
hydrogen bonds

ionic bonds and other polar interactions

hydrophobic effects

van der Waals forces

disulfide bridges
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many cellular processes involve steps in which two or more
different proteins interact
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nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express
hereditary information
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
stores genetic information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide monomers
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ribonucleic acid (RNA)
decodes DNA into instructions for linking together a specific sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide chainnu
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celiac acids are made of monomer called
nucleotides
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nucleotides are made of
pentose sugar
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nitrogenous base
a single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
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nucleotides are joined by a phosphodiester bond, formed in a
dehydration reaction
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DNA molecules have two polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis forming a
double helix
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RNA molecules exists in
single strands
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the base pairing in DNA
adenine (A) always with thymine (T)

guanine (G) always with cytosine (C)
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Base pairing in RNA
Adenine (A) always with uracil (U)

Guanine (G) always with cytosine (C)
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amino is found
amino acids (proteins)
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carboxyl ketone is found
steroids, waxes, proteins
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aldehyde is found
linear forms of sugars and some odor molecules
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carboxyl is found
amino acids, fatty acids