John Locke test

Scientific method

Logical Approach – New thinking leads to scientific method – series of steps for forming and testing of scientific theories

Developed by Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes s habits of disciplined creativity, careful observations, logical thinking & analysis of observations

Thinking based on certainties that are reliable and objective

Heliocentric

Earth orbits the sun

Hypothesis

educated guess/prediction

Gravity

Social contract

Natural Laws

all people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that governments that fail to protect these rights can be overthrown

Natural rights

in a natural state, every individual has the right “to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man.”

Circumnavigate

Ferdinand Magellan

Born in Sabrosa, Portugal 1480
• Church said Earth was flat, but he disagreed
• Trip to Circumnavigate the World! 1519
 Crew with 5 boats
• He died before voyage finished
 Island of Mactan in the Philippines, during a scuffle with
the locals – according to Pigafetta’s journal
 poisoned spear to the heart – left to die by comrades
 Elcano finishes the Voyage
• Strait of Magellan – named after him, the passage
through Argentina

Vasci De Gama

Portuguese navigator
• Born in Sines, father a knight and explorer
• Made 3 sea voyages btw. 1497-1542
• Opened sea route from Western Europe to East –
made Portugal a World Power
• 1st voyage July 8, 1497, 170 men and 4 ships
 Rounded Cape of Good Hope in South Africa- to
Indian Ocean
 local suspicious in Calicut because not much of value
to trade
 half crew died of scurvy
• Died of Malaria on his 3rd voyage

Nicolaus Copernicus

Developed heliocentric hypothesis

Galileo Galilei

Perfected scientific method

John Locke

English philosopher and physician
● Influential Enlightenment thinker
● Key works:
 Two Treatises of Government
(1689)
 An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding (1690)
● Concerned with the nature of
knowledge, human rights, and the
role of government
● Influenced American Revolution
 particularly The Declaration of
Independence

Francis Bacon’s philosophy for Scientific Method

Truth comes after investigation

Experimentation and observation lead to understanding

Practical technologies are important

Rene Descartes’ philosophy for Scientific method

Truth comes after investigation

Human reasoning leads to understanding
The search for provable knowledge is important

Newton

Wrote hypothesis of gravity, invented calculus and laws of motion

Robert Boyle

Conception of atoms

Hobbes

Wrote Leviathan which John Locke refers to in regards to the state of nature

Tabula rasa

Blank slate is what John Locke said children/ people were born as

social contract theory

Theory where people lay down their rights because of an agreed covenant like the law. If the civil government were to not protect their natural rights, the government could be replaced.

Glorious revolution

Led by William and Mary to overthrow King James II

Legislative power

Power to make laws that direct the power of the Commonwealth

executive power

power to execute the laws in the laws

federal power

power to protect the life, liberty, and property/interests of the citizens

Oligarchy

When power of commonwealth is entrusted in few persons

Democracy

When the power of the common wealth is entrusted into the grand majority of citizens

Monarchy

when power of the commonwealth is entrusted into one person

State of Nature

State of equality and life before civil society

state of perfect freedom, absolute liberty and peace

State of War

The state where one’s natural rights or natural law has been broken and one must defend themselves in order to preserve their natural rights and upkeep natural law

Law of Nature

the "law of nature" is a fundamental principle that dictates that all people are equal and have the right to preserve their life, liberty, and property, meaning that no one should harm another person's life, health, liberty, or possessions, as guided by reason

William and Mary

Overthrew James II who had changed the royal family