The Digestive System and The Urinary System

This set of flashcards covers key terms and definitions related to the digestive and urinary systems, providing a comprehensive review for exam preparation.

Mastication

Another term for chewing.

Bolus

A mass of food ready to be swallowed.

Peristalsis

Wave-like muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system.

Hydrochloric acid

An acid in the stomach that helps break down food.

Chyme

A semiliquid mass of partially digested food that exits the stomach.

Pyloric sphincter

The opening through which chyme exits the stomach into the small intestine.

Duodenum

The first section of the small intestine where bile and pancreatic juices mix with food.

Jejunum

The section of the small intestine that continues the process of chemical digestion.

Ileum

The site of nutrient absorption in the small intestine.

Waste

Products of digestion that are received and stored in the large intestine.

Feces

Solid body waste.

Defecation

The process of eliminating waste through the rectum.

Bariatrician

A medical specialist who focuses on weight loss and obesity.

Gastroenterologist

A specialist in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system.

Candida Albicans

A fungal infection that causes oral thrush.

Herpes Labialis

Cold sores.

GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Hepatomegaly

An enlargement of the liver.

Cirrhosis

A chronic degenerative condition of the liver often caused by alcohol abuse.

Bile

A substance stored and released by the gallbladder to aid in digestion.

Cholecystectomy

A surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder.

Nephr/o

The combining form for kidney.

Pyel/o

The combining form associated with the renal pelvis.

Urine

The fluid stored in the urinary bladder.

Blood

Fluid filtered by the urinary system to excrete waste.

Kidneys

Organs in the urinary tract, there are two of them.

Retroperitoneal

The location of the kidneys in the body.

Nephrons

The microscopic filtering units of the kidney.

Cortex

The outer layer of the kidney.

Medulla

The inner region of the kidney.

Urethra

The tube that extends from the bladder to the exterior of the body.

Nephrologist

A medical specialist who treats kidney diseases.

Uremia

A toxic condition caused by retained waste in the blood.

Nephrotic syndrome

A condition characterized by excessive protein loss in urine.

Hydronephrosis

A swelling of the kidney due to blockage of urine flow.

Polycystic kidney disease

A genetic disorder characterized by fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys.

Cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder.

Dysuria

Difficulty urinating due to an enlarged prostate.

Urinalysis

A test performed to analyze abnormal substances in urine.

Dialysis

The process of filtering waste from the blood when the kidneys fail.

Kidney transplant

A treatment option for end-stage renal disease.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A measure of how well the kidneys are filtering the blood.