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how is truman different from fdr
more centrist, more anti-communist, more skeptical of stalin
which framework did truman adhere to
wilsonian, more idealogical/moralistic, family values
what were the buffer/satellite states
the eastern bloc, stalin used them to form a perimeter around the USSR, brutalized the population of these states
what was truman’s speech 1947 about
requesting financial aid to greece and turkey to defend against communism, came to be known as truman doctrine
what was the truman doctrine
the US woild provide political, military, and ecnomoic help to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces
what foreign policy plan does the truman doctrine bear resemblance to
dollar diplomacy, dawes plan
what was the marshall plan 1948
american program to give economic aid to rebuild European economies
what was the reasoining behind the marshall plan
by alleviating poverty, countries would support capitalist democracy over communism
how did the marshall plan help the US
the recipients of US aid would buy a lot of american goods
what is containment
belief that communism isn’t going away but the US should stop it from spreading
what was the first international crisis of the cold war
the berlin blockade 1948-1949
which part of berlin was communist and which was capitalist
East soviet, west allied
why did stalin see west berlin as a threat
people in east germany had a very low standard of living, made capitalism seem more appealing
what was the berlin blockade
stalin cut off power, food, to west berlin
why did stalin initiate the berlin blockade
hoped to make life in west berlin so grim that they had to beg for a lift of the blockade, which stalin could then exchange for control over that part of the city
what did the allies do in response to the berlin blockade
the berlin airlift, dropped supplies into west berlin
what effect did the berlin airlift have on containment
US literally raining candy from the skies, capitalism looks really good
how is containment like the jacksonian framework
idealogical interests of the US
how is containment like the jeffersonian framework
protecting US democracy at home by taking actions abroad
how is containment like the wilsonian framework
stabilizing foreign democratic systems
how is containment like the hamiltonian framework
indirectly promoting capitalism
what were the consequences of the berlin blockade/airlift
creation of NATO (soviets create warsaw pact in response), formal division of germany (two separate countries)
what changed in 1949 in terms of containment
went from the US being happy with their strategy to worried, mao zedong and communists win chinese civil war, soviet union develops nuclear bomb
what were the consequences of communists in china and soviet nuclear weapons
communism in asia
more people are communist
communists now have nuclear weaponry
what was the goal of NSC-68
to offer an assessment of the containment policy in light of the rise of communist china and soviet atomic bomb
what did the NSC-68 conclude about containment
called for the militarization of the cold war, “stop communism with any means”, development of hydrogen bomb
what assumption did the NSC-68 make about communist world
that they all shared the same goal and would work together
what type of action did NSC-68 call for
military over diplomacy
what did the US say about mao zedong
they wouldn’t recognize him as the leader and would only communicate with chian kai-shek, so the US cut off communication with China
what is the domino theory
fear that once one country in asia fell to communism, they all will (specifically about fears of vietnam) the reason why the US backed the french against vietnam
which region was controlled by who in korea
soviet union = north
US = south
who led the communist gov in korea
kim il sung
who led the democratic gov in korea
synham rhee
what marked the start of the korean war
north invaded south in 1950
whose idea was it to invade south korea in 1950
stalin, didn’t see the US as strong enough in South Korea
what did US generals want to do to attack korea
use airstrikes, including atomic bombs, Truman refused because he wanted to avoid using nuclear weapoins as conventional warfare, MAD
what did the US do in korea instead of nuclear weapons
opened a line of communication with north korea to negotiate an armistice
when did the korean war end
july 1953, but actually never because are still in a ceasefire
in what ways was the korean war a success or a failure
success: communism didn’t move past its borders
failure: communist world could conclude that they can use military action and aggression without punishment
what were eisenhower’s goals/worldview
goals: stop the spread of communism, reduce fed deficit
worldview: politically and militarily moderate (not excessive force)
what conclusion does the US come to after soviet hydrogen bomb
they can’t win in quality of weapons, need to win in quantity (as told by NSC-68)
what was the US fearing in the 50s
MAD as aresult of weapons stockpiling. schools running drills, fallout shelters, eisenhower interstate system
what was the name of the soviet satellite
sputnik
what was the result in the US of sputnik
fear of falling technologically behind, push for STEM in schools, created the National Defense Education Act 1958, created NASA 1958
what was kennedy’s worldview
went from containment to willingness to talk and negotiate with USSR, was leaning towards the easing of tensions before Johnson who undid it
what was jfk’s inaugural speech about
US should be willing to do whatever it takes to protect democracy
who was in power in cuba in 1959
fidel castro, communist
what strategy did the US use in cuba adn why
covert opperation, recruitng exiles to stage a coup, don’t want the USSR to think that they are in involved in cuba for fear of attack
did the cuba coup work
no, jfk initially said the uS had nothing to do with, then got called out and backtracked
why did krushchev order the berlin wall constructed
to prevent the mass emigration from east berlin to west berlin, making communism look bad
what is kennedy’s response to the berlin wall
“a wall is better than a war”, soviets not trying to take over west berlin, like they were earlier, the wall hasn’t changed anything
what was the height of cold war tension
cuban missile crisis 1962
how did the US find out that the soviets were in cuba
launch pads and soccer fields
how did the US respond to threats from soviets in cuba
blockading cuba
what does the US do in response to soviets ignoring cuban blockade
threaten invaison of cuba
what resolves the cuban missile crisis
secret communication between krushchev and kennedy, soviets remove missiles from cuba, US removes missiles from Italy and Turkey
what did the jfk american university speech signify
shift to preferring peace at all costs, we should coexist instead, war doesn’t make sense
what was the nuclear test ban treaty 1963
after realizing how close they had come to nuclear war, the US and USSR agreed to stop all testing in the atmosphere, space, and underwater. signaled the beginning of the end of the era of MAD,
which presidents were involved in the vietnam war
truman - $ to french
Eisenhower - supports south vietnamese gov
kennedy - sends military advisors
johnson - sends troops
nixon - sends troops, negotiates exit
what and when was the gulf of tonkin incident
august 1964, alleged north vietnamese attack against two US ships, in one the US attacked first, the second wasn’t real
what was operation rolling thunder
bombing campaign over north vietnam, caused burns to civilians, agent orange over the jungle resulted in birth defects and cancers to civilians
what tactics did the north vietnamese use
guerilla tactics, recruiting peasants
what was search and destroy
US army checked villages for evidence of north vietnamese, then burned them so they couldn’t use their resources
what was the tet offensive
VC launched attacks against major southern cities in January 1968, takes the US by suprise, negative effect on public perception of the war
what was vietnamization
under nixon, brought american troops home while increasing the air war over the north, encouraged south vietname to be more involved
when did nixon withdraw from vietnam
1973
when did south vietnam fall to communism
1975
who was henry kissinger
under nixon, believer in detente, guided by realpolitik
what was the effect of the sino soviet split
allowed for kissinger to appeal to both the chinese and the soviets, led to a softening of cold war relations
what are examples of the detente with china
relaxed trade and travel restiction, nixon refers to China as the PRC, nixon visits china
what was SALT I treaty
limited US and the USSR to 200 defensive nuclear missiles
how did reagan differ from nixon
thought the USSR was a bigger threat than nixon, wanted to be more firm on anti-communism
how did reagan view detente
naivea and amoral
how did reagan view containment
good but not enough
how did reagan view MAD
arms race relies on the rationality of your enemy, which is unpredictable
what was sdi
under reagan, program to defend the US against attacks
when did gorbachev come to power
1985
what was the soviet union like when gorbachev came to power
economic decline, agriculture and industrial production decline, anti communist movements
what was perestroika
introduction of capitalist elements into russian economy
what was glasnost
greater freedom of expression on politics
what was the INF treaty
first treaty reduce nuclear arms, reagan and gorbachev
when did reagan call for gorbachev to tear down the berlin wall
after the signing of the INF treaty
when did anitcommunist demonstrations begin in the soviet union
1989
when did the berlin wall come down
1989
when did east germany become incorporated into the rest of germany
end of 1990
who was the first democratically elected leader of russia
boris yeltsin
what caused the US to get involved in the middle east
the cold war - battling for control with the USSR
Oil - US became the guardian to the west of oil
creation of israel - US backed it while other countries opposed it, bringing the US into conflict
when were full diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia established
1933
how did each country benefit from the US-saudi alliance
saudi: military protection, US ignores human rights violations
America: oil, saudi support for US foreign policy
when did israel formally get recognized
1948, not recognized by any arab nation
what changed in the 1960s in terms of US relations with Israel
before were neutral, now saw them as an important ally, argued that the US and israel had similar values, offered military and economic aid
what was the six day war 1967
war between israel and coalition of arab states, america proided weapons to israel, counter to soviet influence,
result: arab states angry with israel and looked to support from the soviet union
what was the yom kippur war 1973
attack on israel by a coalition of arab states, america provided aid to israel
result: solidified US-Israeli relations, enhanced tensions between the Isreal and arab nations
what were the camp david accords 1978
carter, israeli pm, egyptian president met at camp david maryland, carter brokered an agreement of peace between egypt and israel, egypt became first arab nation to recognize israel
what were the iranian shah’s views
pro-western, pro-modernization
what were many iranians views of the shah and what did they do about them
didn’t like him, wanted a more nationalist leader, mohammad mosaddegh overthrew him in 1953
what happened as a result of the overthrowing of the shah
the US and britain staged a coup to reinstate him
who was ayatollah khomeini
religious leader who led the iranian revolutionaries; anti shah, anti-american
what was the iran revolution
1979, iranian revolutionaries overthrew the shah and replaced him with khomeini, became an anti-west theocracy
how did us relations change with iran after 1979
suspended diplomatic relations, imposed sanctions
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