metab: exam 3 study guide

what are the characteristics of lipids

• form basis of cellular membranes, steroid hormones, bile acids, eicosanoids, other signaling molecules

• serve as stored energy as body fat, protect internal organs, and insulate agains heat loss

types of lipids

• FAs

• triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols

• phospholipids

• sphingolipids

• sterols

• phospholipids

• triglyceride

what are the characteristics of fatty acids

• polar, hydrophilic end

• non-polar, hydrophobic head that is insoluble to water

  • composed of hydrocarbon chain with methyl group on one end and a carboxylic acid group at the other

• chain lengths vary from 4-24 carbons

what are the different types of fatty acids and how can they vary?

• saturated FAs (no double bonds)

• unsaturated FAs (1 double bond)

• polyunsaturated FAs (2 double bonds)

what is the carbon length of short chain FAs and what are examples

• 2-5 carbons

• acetate, propionate, butyrate

  • made by gut bacteria from fermentation of fiber

what is the carbon length of short chain FAs and what are examples

how are lipids digested throughout the GI tract including enzymes?

how are lipids absorbed and where

what are the differences between different chain lengths in lipids

what is the purpose of lipid transport

what are the main systems for lipid transport

what is the exogenous lipid transport pathway

how does exogenous lipid transport pathway work

what enzyme(s), co-factors, transporters and receptors are involved in exogenous lipid transport pathway

what regulates exogenous lipid transport pathway

what are essential fatty acids

why are essential fatty acids essential

what are the effects of fatty acid deficiency

major dietary essential fatty acids and their products of metabolism

• major enzymes involved

what is conversion efficiency

what issues surround conversion efficiency (predisposition, considerations for dietary supplementation and intake)

what are eicosanoids

how are eicosanoids formed generally (biosynthesis, major steps/enzymes)

what are the major classes of eicosanoids

what are the major functions of eicosanoids

clinical implications of eicosanoids and omega-3 fatty acids

nutritional implications of eicosanoids and omega-3 fatty acids

what is the purpose of lipoproteins

what are the main systems for lipid transport

what is transported in the main systems of lipid transport

what is the general structure of lipoproteins

exogenous lipoprotein pathway

endogenous lipoprotein pathway

what is the role of lipoprotein lipase, what locations is it active, and what are its end products

what is chylomicron remnant clearance in LDL receptor vs LDL receptor related protein 1

what is the role of insulin, what are its mechanisms/how does insulin work

what is the difference b/w lipoproteins (e.g. HDL, LDL, etc)

what is reverse cholesterol transport

what is the purpose of reverse cholesterol transport

how does reverse cholesterol transport work (enzymes, receptors, beginning and final products) in nascent vs mature HDL

what is the role of insulin resistance in adipose tissue on lipid transport and free fatty acids

what is the role of LDL in atherosclerosis

what major dietary influences affect lipoproteins/lipid transport

what are the differences b/w lipogenesis and beta oxidation

what are the major sites of FA synthesis/lipid synthesis

what are the major cell locations of FA synthesis

what are the major products of FA synthesis

what are the key enzymes and cofactors of FA synthesis

what are the regulated steps of FA synthesis

what is the effect when energy and nutrient supply is abundant in FA synthesis

how is acetyl coa transported in the cell

how is acetyl coa transported in citrate shuttle

how is lipid synthesis regulated

what are sources of NADPH for FA synthesis

what is the location of elongation

what is the function of elongation

what is the enzyme system of elongation

what are the products of elongation

what is the purpose of desaturation

what is the function of desaturation

what enzymes and limitations of enzymes are involved in desaturation

what are the products of desaturation

what happens to lipid synthesis in insulin resistance

what happens to lipid synthesis in non alcoholic fatty liver disease

what are the sources of cholesterol

what are the functions of cholesterol

what are essential vs non essential nutrient

what is the difference in plasma vs storage forms of cholesterol (how is it transported + eliminated)

what are the beginning and end products of endogenous synthesis

what enzymes are involved in endogenous synthesis (including rate limiting enzyme)

what are the cell and tissue locations of endogenous synthesis

what are the key stages of endogenous synthesis

how is cholesterol regulated

what contributes to increased cholesterol synthesis and how does it contribute to disease

what interventions may help decrease cholesterol synthesis and how

what is the function of bile acids

what are the sites of synthesis of bile acids

what are the storage sites of bile acids

what are the types of bile acids

where are bile acids formed

what enzymes are involved in the formation pathways of bile acids

what cofactors are involved in the formation pathways of bile acids

how are formation pathways of bile acids regulated

what happens in conjugation and secretion and why

what is the function of enterohepatic circulation

how does enterohepatic circulation work

how are bile acids regulated

what are bile acid disorders

what is the role of bile acids in diseases

what are secondary bile acids

how is adipose tissue an energy reserve

how are free FAs released from adipose tissue

what enzymes are involved in the release of free FAs from adipose tissue

what is beta oxidation

how are FAs activated and transported prior to beta ox

how are FAs oxidized

what are the precursors of oxidized FAs

what are the products of FAs being oxidized

what are the major enzymes of FAs in beta ox

where are FAD/FADH2 and NAD+/NADH produced or used in beta ox