Chem Test 1 Study Guide

chemistry

the study of matter, its properties, and what it consists of

matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

energy

the ability to perform work

what are the states of matter?

solid, liquid, gas

solid

definite shape and volume

liquid

definite volume, no shape

gas

no volume or shape

physical properties

characteristics that describe matter

chemical properties

characteristics that describe how matter changes its chemical structure or composition

element

substance that cannot be broken down

compound

can be broken down into simpler components; chemically combined

mixture

material composed of 2 or more substances; not chemically combined

heterogenous

mixture that’s an obvious combination of 2 or more substances

homogenous

mixture with consistent composition throughout

giga

G, 10^9

mega

M, 10^6

kilo

10^3

deca

D, 10^1

deci

d, 10^-1

centi

c, 10^-2

milli

m, 10^-3

micro

μ, 10^-6

nano

n, 10^-9

atom

smallest part of an element that maintains its identity of that element

atomic number

number of protons in the atoms nucleus, defines an element

mass number

sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

isotopes

atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

shells

electrons organized according to their energies into sets

subshells

shells are further divided into subsets of electrons

s capacity

2 electrons

p capacity

6 electrons

d capacity

10 electrons

f capacity

14 electrons

core electrons

electrons in lower-numbered shell

valence shell electrons

electrons in the highest numbered shell

H

hydrogen

He

helium

Li

lithium

Be

beryillium

B

Boron

C

Carbon

N

Nitrogen

O

oxygen

F

Fluorine

Ne

neon

Na

sodium

Mg

magnesium

Al

aluminum

Si

silicon

P

phosphorus

S

Sulfur

Cl

Chlorine

Argon

K

Potassium

Ca

calcium

octet

atoms are stable if they have 8 electrons in their outermost shell

ions

charged atoms

what is the relationship between an element and an atom?

an element is a pure substance composed of atoms with the same atomic number

ammonium

NH4+

acetate

C₂H₃O₂^-

hydroxide

OH^-

carbonate

CO₃^2-

bicarbonate

HCO₃^-

Nitrate

NO₃^-

Nitrite

NO₂^-

sulfate

SO₄^2-

sulfite

SO₃^2-

phosphate

PO₄³

hydrogen phosphate

HPO₄^2-

dihydrogen phosphate

H₂PO₄^-