Studied by 10 people
Population
total membership or “universe” of a defined class of people, objects or events.
Parameter
functions of the study variable values. They are unknown, quantitative measures for the entire population or for specified domains which are of interest to the investigator.
Samples
a subset of a frame where elements are selected based on a randomised process with a known probability of selection.
Statistic
any quantity computed from values in a sample which is considered for a statistical purpose
Population of Interest
the population from which the researcher wants to draw conclusions.
Population to which results can be generalized
a sample that accurately mirrors characteristics of the population.
Variable
characteristic of a unit being observed that may assume more than one of a set of values to which a numerical measure or a category from a classification can be assigned
Categorical
Data consisting of counts of observations falling in different categories. The categories may be purely descriptive, or may have a natural order.
Categorical ordinal
non-numerical pieces of information with implied order
Numeric Discrete
finite value that can be counted
Numeric Continuous
infinite number of possible values that can be measured
Associated
tells you whether two variables are related
Independent
if knowing one event occurred doesn't change the probability of the other event
Explanatory Variable
The variable that is used to explain or predict the response variable
Response Vaariable
a concept, idea, or quantity that someone wants to measure
Blocking Variable
the arranging of experimental units in groups that are similar to one another
Simple Random Variable
a generalization of the indicator random variable where instead of two events, N mutually exclusive events in that form a partition of Ω are mapped to N values in
Stratified Sampling
a method of sampling from a population which can be partitioned into subpopulations
Cluster Sampling
probability sampling method in which you divide a population into clusters, such as districts or schools, and then randomly select some of these clusters as your sample
Multistage Sampling
you draw a sample from a population using smaller and smaller groups at each stage.
Convenience Sampling
non-probability sampling that involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population that is close to hand
Voluntary Response
a sample made up of participants who have voluntarily chosen to participate as a part of the sample group
Sampling Bias
a bias in which a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population have a lower or higher sampling probability than others
Observational Study
ones where researchers observe the effect of a risk factor, diagnostic test, treatment or other intervention without trying to change who is or isn't exposed to it
Expirement
any procedure that can be infinitely repeated and has a well-defined set of possible outcomes, known as the sample space
Retrospective Observational Study
non-randomised, non-interventional analyses of existing data relating to patients, care received and outcomes
Prospective Observational Study
individuals are followed over time and data about them is collected as their characteristics or circumstances change
Control
the application of statistical methods to monitor and control the quality of a production proces
Placebo
an inactive substance that looks like the drug or treatment being tested
Blind Experiment
practice where study participants are prevented from knowing certain information that may somehow influence them—thereby tainting the results
Double Blind Expirement
requires that both researchers and test subjects are unaware of who is receiving the treatment and who is receiving the placebo
Note 
Flashcard (52)