Hist test 1

1800 BCE is the start of the what revolution?

agriculture revolution

befor common era

BCE stands for?

prosper revelation (martin luther)

what significant event happened in 1517

hunted and gathered

Before BCE people did what?

expert on ants

* “What will kill the human race is failure to adapt to climate change”

worlds greatest evolutionary biologist

EO Wilson

five million years ago hominids emerge

what started the beginning of human history?

evolution & adaptation

tool use

technology

pack hunting

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__**How did homo sapiens become dominant? How did humans decide what lives and what dies ?**__

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says we can only maintain relationships with 150 people

robin dunbar

 says agriculture revolution was worse thing to happen to the universe because diet grows more division

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jared diamond

* Tribes
* Hunting bands 
* **Gender specialization**- women gathered most grains, nuts etc 
* Hunting herbivores, 14 tons of meat from mastodons 
* **Gender-** socially assigned role to the sex 

__**Between 30,000 to 8,000 BCE hunter gathers organized ?**__

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\-through violence 

\-through infectious disease 

\-farmers changing the environment 

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in the neolithic revolution how did agriculture spread?

* Women began to camp beside crops to protect them
* To foster growth they removed weeds
* Scratch plowing 
* Domestication of animals- Judas animals 
* Draft plowing 
* Judas animals- would adopt an animal and domesticate it to respond to a sound and betray their original animals 

how does agriculture begin?

* Tigris and euphrates rivers 
* Jericho 
* Catal huyuk

what is the first source of agriculture?

impact of agriculture revolution

* Population 
* Health 
* **Religion** - gods begin to live in the sky because of the rain and sun 
* Bathroom habits 
* Disposal of dead animals 
* Homogenization of languages (things become one)

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* Developing immunity to disease 
* Disposal of dead animal
* Disease becomes apart of life 
* Population grows 
* Social changes 
* Religion 

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__**How does agricultural revolution affect the hunter gatherer world?**__ 

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1. Religion because it provides a **pantheon & social cohesion** 

* God of history is **Clio** 


2. **Law** 

* Originally kin based 
* Then individual based law 

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3. **Military** 

* Professionalized military, killing is their business 

4\.**Rise of the king** 

* Powerful military leader emerges 
* **Imperialism results**- spreading of culture, language, capitalism 

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5\. **economics/debt** 

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__**Why does a complex civilization need managing?**__ 

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Mesopotamia impacts:

* Where the first farmers came from 
* Gives oldest civilization in the world 
* Arrived 5,500 years ago (3,500 BCE) 
* Made wheels to make pottery and store text in pottery 
* Made plow, writing, levees and canals, beer 
* **Sexagesimal numbering**- base number of 60 for angles 
* Geography 

Mesopotamia religion

* Religion keeps chaos away 
* **Polytheistic-** sky, fresh water, storm s
* **Anthropomorphic** visualized as human rulers, the task becomes to keep them happy. A priest attends to the gods daily 
* Afterlife vague and gloomy, so live a good life before dying 

Mesopotamia architecture

**Ziggurats**- religious tower in stages with a chamber on top 

* Ziggurats enter western tradition as the tower of babel 

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Mesopotamian law

* Hammurabis code 

\-the first attempt to organize society by law

* Punishment fit by crime 
* Made possible appeals to a specific penalty
* Laws inscribed in public places

Mesopotamian society

* Leaders chosen by god 
* Distinct top and bottom hierarchy 

\-few privileged on top 

\-50% commoners 

\-bottom layer is enslaved 

* Slaves had freedom to marriage to free person 

\-they could purchase their freedom 

* Women could own property ad could get dowry bac

post his 95 thesis

what did martin luther do in 1517?

growth of a huge federal government

what happened through 1861-1865?

significants of Egypt:

* Nile River- sources in LAke VIctoria 
* More predictable than Tigris Euphrates 
* Cities alongside either side of the river 
* Flows from south to the north because of elevation 
* Flood retreat farming 
* cataracts protect the nile river from being invaded 
* Isolated on the west, east, north (mediterranean sea)
* Pharaohs are God, hence the reason for mummification 
* Pyramids (at Giza) 

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* Hieroglyphics 
* **Rosetta stone**- royal decree 

\-three texts on the stone

\-supports the favor 

\-one being Greek

\-freshman cracked the code 

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how do we know about Egypt?

Egyptian religion:

\-akhenaton & monotheism 

\-**the hebrews** get credit for creating it 

\-**King Tutankhamen** 

**-**reversed monotheism 

\-restored pantheism 

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Hebrew history impacts:

* Began in mesopotamia 
* Gave an abstract idea of god forbade gods representation by images 
* Monotheism 
* Ethical monotheism (right behavior matters) 
* Pistos- faith 

\-**PIS**- come from the greek word to unite your life with god

* Nomads- people of the tent
* BAraham in Ur- toHaran-to Syria-to Palestine- to Egypt-1800ish BCE
* Some traveled into Egypt 

\-the story of joseph 

\-pharaoh who knew not Joseph 

* Jews are still waiting for messiah 

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who are the patriarchs of hebrew history?

Joseph- Egypt- Moses

* Hebrews become slaves in Egypt, led out of Egypt by Moses 12000ish BCE 
* Moses 
* Hebrews want a place where god can live 
* Abraham was in  Ur and went to Haran 

\-covenant ten commandments 

\-exodus

* Kingdom that we think of as Israel with Jerusalem as capital headed by Saul,David,Solomon 

country splits

\-israel in the North- ten tribes

\-Judah in the South- two tribes

* Punishes the offender
* Offers reform 
* It is a way to order society 
* Ends the need for revenge 

what did making laws do?

* hey set up monarchy under david
* Davids son, Solomon built the temple in jerusalem
* Using cruelty & intimidation
* Assyirians defeated israel
* Created royal road

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how did they group up strangers in the north and south?

persians impacts of defeating assyrians:

* Cyrus, first ruler
* Annexed Mesopotamia, Assyria, all the way to India 
* Created royal road to connect people to the rulers 
* **1939- 1949 WW2 people created the interstate** 

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* **Warriors nobility on top, a priestly group, everyone else** 
* Society based on social order 

How did persian society organize?

* Zoroastrianism 
* Idea of dual gods 
* Ahura mazda- god of good/light
* Angra Mainya- satan figure 
* Source of christianity? 

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what was persian religion?

Chinese philosophy

how to live harmoniously

* Word view: heaven and earth are one 
* Confucius wanted unbroken social harmony from monarch to the individual 
* How? Through the right relationships

indian religion

existence is an endless cycle

hebrew religion

an all powerful god rules the universe

greek philosophy

* rational investigation of the universe (says that you don't need religion to understand the universe)

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confucius:

* “Dont do to others what you wouldnt want done to you”
* "Nowadays, for a person to be filial means no more than that he is able to provide his parents with food. Even dogs and horses are provided with food. If a person shows no reverence, where is the difference?"
* People have responsibilities

Taoism

* Offers a relief from responsibilities 
* Any action pushed to extreme generates an opposite response 
* Too much government is as bad as too little government “govern a large state as you would cook a small fish”

israel

who did Assyrians defeat?

assyrians

who did the babylonians defeat?

legalism

wanted to end crisis with a strong state and a united country 

\-true peace requires a strong states

\-heaven inspired ethic due to cruel laws 

people are fundamentally depraved, selfish, greedy, and lustful 

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religion in india

* Religion was priest centered and required elaborate animal sacrifices 
* The Problem: those sacrifices were an economic burden on peasants and irrelevant to their daily life 
* The Answer: acquiring power through knowledge instead of ritual acts 

\-HIndu Upanishads: knowledge over ritual 

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upanishadic worldview:

* One placed a premium of knowledge over ritual, religion is not something you do but something you believe 
* Two, immortality is defined as escape from existence itself 
* The Problem: existence is an seven life cycles 

samsara

the life cycle

dharma

do good and not evil

moksha

escape the seven life cycles

kharma

every action has its effect sooner or later

requirements for moksha:

* Any action is counterproductive because it generates karma, more rebirth 
* Non-action is achieved by withdrawing from society to become a wanderer
* That renunciation (a renouncer) has a goal of selflessness
* Highest goal is not rebirth in heaven, but liberation from all rebirth 
* Moksha is permanent 

buddhism

what was indias greatest contribution to modern society?

1. An aged man
2. A sick man
3. A dead man
4. A hindu “renouncer

what did siddhartha gautama observe on his trip outside the palaca?

siddhartha’s four noble truths:

1. All life is suffering- no matter how happy you are, it ends 
2. Source of suffering- desire 
3. End desire to end suffering 
4. HOw? 8 fold truth 

the eight fold path

How do you end desire?

the middle path

siddhartha devoted his life to?

Hebrew religion:

* Abraham- 2nd millennium BCE 
* The patriarch of Judaism, Christianity, Islam 
* Ancient near east was polytheistic 
* Abraham recognizes only one God
* Emphasized monotheism

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* Moses epitomizes the special relationship with a new covenant, the Ten Commandments 
* From Hebrew NOmads to the israelite nation 

whats moses special relationship?

rise of empires:

* Israel in the North 
* Judah in the South 
* 722BCE Assyrians conquer the North 

\-judah survives giving us jews 

* 562BCE Babylonia conquers Judah 

\-destroyed the temple 

* Jews return, rebuild temple, Rome destroys it again 

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* Becoming people of the book
* Jews, christians, and muslims are people of the book 
* Israel becomes a nation defined by a shared faith

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how do you worship god without a temple?

agnosticism, hippocrates, thucydides

political & moral philosophy

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what did greeks give us?

Greeks impacts & significance:

* Many Greeks worshipped those gods known as Zeus, Hera, Poseidon 
* Began putting rational thought to questions about the universe 
* The earth is flat, surrounding by a river so rational though says the earth may be floating on a body of water 

Agnosticism

Protagoras says “about the gods i have no knowledge either that they are or that they are not or what is their nature”

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hippocrates

help without supernatural forces

thucydides

* human events and nature do not require supernatural understanding 

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* Provided justice 
* Provides a defense 
* Identity shifts from membership in a tribe to citizen of a polis/city-state
* Starship troopers 

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what did political and mora philosophy provide in the polis?

socrates

 __**“**__unconcealed contempt for democracy” we need philosopher kings

plato

“what is a good man and how is he made”

aristotle

observes physical evidence and then apply reason

__**Indus River Valley Civilizations:**__ 

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* Harappa
* **Mohenjo- Daro-** both wiped out by climate change?

india Aryan conquest:

* 1500 BCE to 1000 CE: takes about 2500 years 
* India began as a coalition of tribes: takes a long time to conquer them, but in no hurry 
* Brahmanism was characterized by elaborate rituals 
* Hinduism comes from brahmanism 
* Vedas is the Brahman sacred text 
* Karma will dictate next life 

brahmins

kshatriya

vaisya

sudras

untouchables

what are the indian society five caste?

brahmins

 the priestly caste. After their religious role decreased they became the caste of officialdom 

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kshatriya

warrior castle. Direct descendants of the warriors that had conquered India 

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vaisya

the common caste. Generally the third caste comprised the merchants 

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sudras

 represented the great bulk of the Indian population. Most of the sudras were peasants, artisans or others who worked manual labor 

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untouchables

descendants of slaves or prisoners. The untouchables were given menial degrading work that no others would do 

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salinization

constant irrigation of tigris rivers resulted in ______

invention of beer

what helped mesopotamia accept their hard life?

world war one

what ended the idea that the human race is getting better everyday & every year?

europeans

world war one _______ started to kill each other

vedas

the brahman sacred text

caste rules:

1. **Do not marry outside ones caste** 
2. **So social power consolidated in brahmins** 
3. **Leads to stable society of purity** 

hinduism

what religion holds all castes together?

hinduism

______ is a religious sponge because of oral tradition

religion was adapted to local circumstances by:

\-statues of jesus in Hindu Temples 

\-Buddha is considered by some to be a manifestation of Vishnu 

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__**Key Concepts that let the Hinduism work well:**__

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* Next life is more important than this one 
* Belief in reincarnation 
* Brahman- what you see is not real 
* Individual atman a part of universal Brahman 
* **Heretic-** wrong thing 
* You cannot be a heretic in hinduism

the mauryan empire

what was the first great empire in the north india?

the mauryan empire:

* Founded by chandragupta 
* Grandson Asoka Maurya is the third emperor reigned **273-232BCE**
* Most authority was delegated to viceroys, usually family members 
* Asoke had four viceroys that worked as spys 

 

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asoka was:

disliked

ugly

murderer

susima along with building a torture chamber

asoka overthrowed which country?

the battle of kalinga

what was a conversion experience for asoka?

The battle of Kalinga:

* 50,000 to 300,000 killed 
* Asoka has conversion and becomes a buddhist monk 
* Sends out monk missionaries to Asia (china) 
* Hires **dharma** inspectors that do good things 
* Restricted animal sacrifices invested in public works 
* Within 50 years Mauryan EMpire disintegrated 
* Son returns to old ways and d

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shabbos goy

who said jews shouldnt work on sabbath?

The Celestial Kingdom writing:

* Oracle Bones 
* Priste would read the cracks in bones 
* Emerges in mesopotamia for economic reasons & religion 
* Epic of gilgamesh 

Celestial Bronze:

* Achieved skills in metallurgy- 25000 years ahead of Europe 
* “Our king has indeed a virtuous character, compliant to heaven, and inspiring example 
* Ding vessels used for sacrifices water festivals 
* Yellow river and neolithic revolution unified under emperors. Not city-states 
* Shang dynasty failed because they sought for nothing but excessive pleasure 
* Shang dynasty came first 

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shang dynasty

which dynasty came first?

Dynastic Cycle:

\-the ruling family 

\-leader begins well, deteriorates with the passing of generations

\- new leaders emerge

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Zhou Dynasty:

comes to power because of civil war

zhou justified defeating the shang dynasty by:

1. depravity - the Shang emperor was deluded by an evil and beautiful woman 
2. The zhous mythical ancestor was conceived in a gods the woman walked through gods footprint 
3. __**Mandate of heaven-**__ **the emperor is divinely chosen; can't argue with god, leaves little room for revolt; each dynasty claims a mandate from heaven** 

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