APUSH Period 2: 2.1-2.3

What land was claimed by the Dutch?

New York (New Amsterdam)

Who explored the land claimed by the Dutch?

Henry Hudson

What land was claimed by the French?

Quebec, Mississippi Basin (Louisiana)

Who explored the land claimed the by French?

Giovanni Verrazano

What land was claimed by the Spanish?

Florida, New Mexico, Texas, California

What are the 3 types of colonies?

Corporate, Royal, and Proprietary

What is a corporate colony?

A colony run by a joint-stock company (Ex. Jamestown after 1624).

What is a royal colony?

A colony under the authority and rule of the king’s government (Ex. Virginia).

What is a proprietary colony?

A colony under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king (Ex Maryland & Pennsylvania).

How did England’s first attempt at colonizing North America end up?

a epic failure

Who established the Roanoke Island Colony?

Sir Walter Raleigh

What was the Roanoke Island Colony?

The first English attempt at permanent settlement in North America, aka “The Lost Colony”

When was the Roanoke Island Colony established?

1585

Who gave a charter for Virginia Company of London ?

King James I

What type of company was the Virginia Company?

Joint-stock company

What is a joint-stock company?

a group of people who put their money together to fund something (a colony, expedition)

What did the charter of the Virginia Company guarantee?

Settlers same rights as Englishmen in Britain

How many settlers founded Jamestown?

105 English settlers

When was Jamestown founded?

1607

How many settlers died during the voyage to Jamestown?

40

What were the initial problems with Jamestown’s site?

Swampy site = poor drinking water &mosquitoes = malaria and yellow fever

Why did men struggle in Jamestown?

Men didn’t like doing manual labor and searched for gold instead

What was NOT on the initial Jamestown ship?

Women, they were brought over later

Who took control of Jamestown in 1608?

Captain John Smith

What rule did John Smith enforce?

“He who shall not work shall not eat”

Who did Jamestown colonists rely on for food?

Native Americans

Why couldn’t Jamestown colonists feed themselves for over a decade?

Disease and lack of farming skills

Why did the Indians ally with the English?

Indians realized alliance with English could be beneficial and assert Powhatan dominance

What did the Powhatan trade with the English?

Corn for guns, iron/steel knives, axes, pots

Who “saved” Captain John Smith after he was captured?

11-year-old Pocahontas

What role did Pocahontas serve between the Indians and settlers?

She served as middle woman

By 1610, how many of the original 500 Jamestown settlers survived?

60

What was established in 1619 in Jamestown? 

House of Burgesses

What was the house of burgesses?

An assembly of representatives (burgesses) elected by colonists

Who had to approve decisions made by the House of Burgesses?

The Virginia Company

What happened in 1624 in Jamestown?

King revoked the charter and made Virginia a royal colony

What was the population of Virginia in 1624?

1,300 (5,000 initially settled there)

What change came with Virginia becoming a royal colony? 

Royally appointed governor and Parliament had to approve House of Burgesses decisions

Who could vote for the House of Burgesses?

All free men in Virginia (broader representation than English House of Commons)

Who was known as the father of the tobacco industry?

John Rolfe

Why did the tobacco industry grow quickly?

Demand for tobacco was really high in Europe

What were the impacts of tobacco on the colonies?

Affected the economy, soil, and labor

How did tobacco impact the economy?

It made the colonies wealthy and became their main cash crop for trade.

How did tobacco impact the soil?

It wore out the soil quickly, leading colonists to clear more land for farming.

How did tobacco impact labor?

It created a high demand for workers, leading to the use of indentured servants and later enslaved Africans.

By the mid-17th century, what could common laborers afford in the colonies?

100 acres of land for less than their annual salary (impossible in England)

Who was known as the “Father of the Reformation”?

Martin Luther

What did Martin Luther write?

The 95 Theses

According to Martin Luther, how are people saved?

By faith alone

What idea is John Calvin known for?

Predestination

What did John Calvin believe about humans?

All humans were weak and wicked

Why did King Henry VIII break away from the Catholic Church?

Because he wanted to divorce his wife and marry another woman

What movement did the Reformation produce?

Puritanism

Who founded Plymouth Colony?

The Pilgrims

Who were the Pilgrims?

Separatists who broke from the Church of England

How many Pilgrims left on the Mayflower and when?

102 in 1620 for a 65-day journey

What was the Mayflower Compact?

Agreement to form a simple government and submit to the will of the majority

What happened during the winter of 1620–1621 in the Plymouth colony?

Harsh winter left only 44 survivors

What happened in Fall 1621in the Plymouth colony?

Bountiful harvest, celebrated as the first Thanksgiving

When did Plymouth Colony merge with Massachusetts Bay Colony?

1691

What was the goal of the Puritans in the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

To totally reform, or “purify,” the Church of England

Who founded the Massachusetts bay colony?

The puritans

How many Puritans left in 1629 to settle in the New World?

1,000

Who was the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

John Winthrop

What famous concept is John Winthrop?

“City Upon a Hill”

Why did Puritans distrust democracy?

They distrusted people

What was the Halfway Covenant (puritans) (1660s)?

People could join the church even if they weren’t fully committed to puritan beliefs.

Who founded Maryland and when?

Lord Baltimore, 1634

Why was Maryland founded?

Created as a safe haven for Catholics

What conflicts did Maryland have?

Conflicts with Protestant planters over tobacco and use of indentured servants

What was the Act of Toleration (Maryland)?

Allowed toleration to all Christians but order the death penalty for those who denied the divinity of Jesus

Who were the Carolinas named after?

Charles II (1670)

When did North and South Carolina officially separate?

1712

What was the main crop in South Carolina?

Rice

How did North Carolina differ from South Carolina?

Smaller plantations and fewer slaves

What economic ties did the Carolinas have?

Close ties with flourishing sugar islands

What labor system did the Carolinas embrace?

Slavery

When was Georgia founded?

1733

What was the last of the 13 colonies to settle?

Georgia

Who was Georgia named after?

George II

Why was Georgia founded?

Began as a colony for criminals

What was Georgia’s other purpose?

Serve as a buffer to protect the Carolinas against Spaniards and French

Who was Anne Hutchinson?

Dissenter who held meetings in her home

What is Antinomianism?

Faith alone, not deeds, leads to salvation

Why was Anne Hutchinson banished in 1638?

Claimed direct revelation from God, considered heresy

Where did Anne Hutchinson go after banishment?

Rhode Island

Who was Roger Williams?

Separatist who challenged Massachusetts Bay Colony’s charter

What issues did Roger Williams have with the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

Not fair to Indians; civil government can’t regulate religious behavior

Where did Roger Williams go after banishment and why?

Fled to Rhode Island in 1636 to establish full religious tolerance

What colony were the Quakers associated with?

Pennsylvania

Who were the Quakers?

People known for showing deep religious emotion during worship

Where did the Quakers believe religious authority came from?

Not in the Bible but within thyself

What were Quakers like?

Simple, devoted, democratic, against war and violence

How did Quakers get along with Native Americans?

Had good relations

Who founded Pennsylvania and when?

William Penn, 1682

Which colonies were plantation colonies?

Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia

What was the main focus of plantation colonies?

Exporting commercial agricultural products (tobacco and rice)

What type of labor did plantation colonies use?

Slave labor

How was land distributed in plantation colonies?

Unequal distribution of land

How did plantations affect cities?

stoped the growth of cities