Bio quiz macro molecules and cells

Control Group

the group that does not receive the variable being tested

Experimental Group

the group that does receive the variable being tested

Ionic Bond

Bonded atoms are fully ionized and have opposite charges. One atom gives electrons to another which means that they're charged (like+ and - magnets).

Polar Covalent Bonds

Electrons are not shared equally. One atom pulls harder making one atom slightly positive and the other slightly negative.

Non-polar Covalent bonds

Atoms share electrons equally meaning theres no charge difference.

Hydrogen

Weak bonds that join an H atom in one molecule with an electronegative atom in the same or nearby molecule. Weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom nearby.

If ions are charged

It can dissolve in water

Hydrophillic

Polar Covalent bonds, loves water

Hydrophobic

non polar covalent bonds, hates water

Polymers

Formed by hydrolysis

Carbohydrate

Monomers: Monosaccharides Polymer: Polysaccharides

Proteins

Monomers: Amino Acids Polymers: Proteins

Nucleic Acid

Monomer: Nucleotides Polymer: Polynucleotides

Lipids

NO Polymers, Monomers: Glycerol+ 3 fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids

Solids, fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms, meaning all carbons are fully "saturated" with hydrogen atoms

Unsaturated fatty acids

Liquids, double bonds between carbons create kinks that make it so the fatty acid tails can't pack closely together

Phospholipids heads and tails

Phospholipid tails point into the middle of the bilayer and heads point outward

Carbohydrates

Quick energy, energy storage and structural support other notes: energy, structure, and communication

Protein

Structure, enzymes, transport, signaling, defense and movement. + other notes: Workers

Nucleic Acids

DNA, RNA, and the production of ATP

Lipids

Fats store long term energy, forms the cell membrane and organelle membrane. Cell signaling. + Barriers, storage,  and signals

Nucleus 

Stores DNA and controls cell activities.

Endoplasmic Reticulum 

Synthesizes Proteins (rough ER) and lipids Smooth ER

Golgi

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins/ lipids for transport

Vesicles

Transports materials between organelles and in and out of the cell.

Lysosomes

Breaks down waste, damaged organelles, and macromolecules

Vacuoles

Stores water, nutrients and waste

Mitochondrial 

Produces ATP through cellular respiration

Chloroplast

Carries out photosynthesis to make glucose

Nucleus

Large, central, double membrane

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of membranes near the nucleus. Rough ER has ribosomes on the surface while smooth ER does not.

Golgi

Stacks of flattened membranes, usually near ER

Vesicles

small spherical membrane bound sacs

Lysosomes

Small membrane bound sacs with digestive enzymes; more common in animal cells 

Vacuoles 

Large central vacuole in plant cells. smaller but multiple vacuoles in animal cells

Mitochondrial

Double membrane with Inner folds found in the cytoplasm

Chloroplast

green bc of chlorophyll, double membrane with stacked thylakoids. Found only in plant and algae cells

Nucleus

Contains Nucleolus(makes ribosomes)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth ER has calcium

Golgi

Produces vesicles that move matierials around the cell

Vesicles

Can fuse with plasma membrane to secrete content

Lysosomes

"Recycling center of the cell"

Vacuoles

created by osmosis

Mitochondria

Have own DNA and ribosomes

Chloroplast -

Has own DNA and ribosomes