Unit 3 Part 2

Photosynthesis

The process in which a cell uses CO2 and H2O to make O2 and C6H12O6(Glucose

ATP

The unit of cellular energy(Adenosine triphosphate). When the phosphate group breaks off, energy is released

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Pigments

Light-absorbing, colored molecules

Chloroplasts

Organelle full of pigments where light reactions take place. Consists of inner membrane, outer membrane, thylakoid space, granum, stroma, stroma lamellae, intermembrane space, and thylakoid space.

Chlorophylls A and B colors

Green, a little blue/yellow

Caretenoids colors

Orange, a little yellow/red

Xenophylls

Yellow

Anthrocyanins

Blue, Purple, and Red

Light dependent reactions(Electron Transport)

Absorbs light energy and converts it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH(ETS)

Light independent reactions

ATP and NADPH are used to make glucose, which can be joined with other simple sugars to form larger, more complex molecules (Calvin Cycle)

Electron transport (Light Reactions)

Light energy excites electrons in PS II causing the 2H2O molecules to split(4H+ and 2O). Oxygen gas(O2) is released as waste. Separated electron is caught by an electron acceptor (Ferrodoxin) before being passed down an electron transport system(ETS). Electron movement through ETS and the movement of H through ATP synthase produces ATP. ATP is made during this process - hydrogen molecules flow down concentration gradient through ATP synthase. Electrons travel down the ETS along several electron carriers called cytochromes ending at PS I. Now, light (again) hits Photosystem I and excites an electron to a higher energy level and caught by Ferrodoxin. Ferrodoxin transfers electrons and a Hydrogen to the electron carrier, NADP+ to make NADPH

Calvin Cycle

In the stroma, Carbon Dioxide reacts with a five-carbon compound (RuBP) with the help of Rubisco (an enzyme) to form PGA (Carbon fixation)

Energy stored in ATP and NADPH is transferred to PGA to form high energy molecules (G3P)

Some G3P leaves the cycle to be used for formation of glucose and other organic compounds

Some of it undergoes a reaction (w/ATP) to produce RuBP

This process creates glucose

G3P

Longer lasting energy molecules than ATP and NADPH. Used to form glucose and other organic compounds.

Examples of Photosynthesis being altered

The environment in which an organism lives can impact the organism's ability to carry out photosynthesis.

C4 plants (sugar cane and corn) - during hot days, Calvin Cycle occurs in different types of cells (location) to minimize water loss.

CAM plants (desert and marsh plants) - in dry or saline environments, Calvin Cycle occurs at a different time.

Cellular Respiration

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)

Cellular Respiration Equation

C6H12O6(Glucose) + 6O2(Oxygen) \---\> 6CO2(Carbon Dioxide) + 6H2O(Water) + ATP(Around 38)

Cellular respiration stages

Glycolysis - no oxygen required (anaerobic)

Krebs Cycle

Electron Transport

Glycolysis

Process in which glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm. One molecule makes two molecules of ATP, two molecules of NADH, and two molecules of pyruvate

Krebs Cycle

Aerobic cycle where Pyruvate (from glycolysis) is broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2) through a series of reactions.

In the presence of oxygen (aerobic)

Basic steps:

Pyruvate reacts with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl CoA.

Carbon Dioxide is released

NAD+ is converted to NADH

Acetyl CoA moves to the mitochondrial matrix.

Acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon compound to form a 6-carbon compound called citric acid.

Citric acid is broken down in a series of steps releasing the following molecules:

2 CO2

1 ATP

3 NADH

1 FADH2 - similar to NADH

Ends with four carbon compound

Cycle continues with the production of a new acetyl CoA and turns again because there are two molecules of pyruvate.

Net yield of Krebs cycle

6 CO2

2 ATP

8 NADH

2 FADH2

Electron Transport (Krebs Cycle)

Aerobic and the stage where the most ATP is produced: 32-34!

High energy electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH and FADH2 are put to work.

Electrons move along membrane from one protein to another.

This release of electrons also causes NADH and FADH2 to lose a proton (H+)

These protons are pumped into intermembrane space from the mitochondrial matrix

The protons (H+) then diffuse back down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase

This flow of protons causes the formation of ATP

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor to form H2O

Some prokaryotes also go through aerobic respiration (utilizing their cell membrane)

Cellular Respiration Net Yield

36-38 ATP

ATP Synthase

Enzyme that synthesizes ADP and P to form ATP

Anaerobic Respiration

Done by many prokaryotes, and on occasion by eukaryotes.

A pathway by the name of fermentation follows glycolysis in anaerobic respiration.

Produces limited ATP

Replenishes NAD+ (see next slide)

Lactic Acid Fermentation - muscles!

Alcohol Fermentation - yeast and bacteria.

Photosynthesis

The process in which a cell uses CO2 and H2O to make O2 and C6H12O6(Glucose

ATP

The unit of cellular energy(Adenosine triphosphate). When the phosphate group breaks off, energy is released

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Pigments

Light-absorbing, colored molecules

Chloroplasts

Organelle full of pigments where light reactions take place. Consists of inner membrane, outer membrane, thylakoid space, granum, stroma, stroma lamellae, intermembrane space, and thylakoid space.

Chlorophylls A and B colors

Green, a little blue/yellow

Caretenoids colors

Orange, a little yellow/red

Xenophylls

Yellow

Anthrocyanins

Blue, Purple, and Red

Light dependent reactions(Electron Transport)

Absorbs light energy and converts it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH(ETS)

Light independent reactions

ATP and NADPH are used to make glucose, which can be joined with other simple sugars to form larger, more complex molecules (Calvin Cycle)

Electron transport (Light Reactions)

Light energy excites electrons in PS II causing the 2H2O molecules to split(4H+ and 2O). Oxygen gas(O2) is released as waste. Separated electron is caught by an electron acceptor (Ferrodoxin) before being passed down an electron transport system(ETS). Electron movement through ETS and the movement of H through ATP synthase produces ATP. ATP is made during this process - hydrogen molecules flow down concentration gradient through ATP synthase. Electrons travel down the ETS along several electron carriers called cytochromes ending at PS I. Now, light (again) hits Photosystem I and excites an electron to a higher energy level and caught by Ferrodoxin. Ferrodoxin transfers electrons and a Hydrogen to the electron carrier, NADP+ to make NADPH

Calvin Cycle

In the stroma, Carbon Dioxide reacts with a five-carbon compound (RuBP) with the help of Rubisco (an enzyme) to form PGA (Carbon fixation)
Energy stored in ATP and NADPH is transferred to PGA to form high energy molecules (G3P)
Some G3P leaves the cycle to be used for formation of glucose and other organic compounds
Some of it undergoes a reaction (w/ATP) to produce RuBP
This process creates glucose

G3P

Longer lasting energy molecules than ATP and NADPH. Used to form glucose and other organic compounds.

Examples of Photosynthesis being altered

The environment in which an organism lives can impact the organism's ability to carry out photosynthesis.
C4 plants (sugar cane and corn) - during hot days, Calvin Cycle occurs in different types of cells (location) to minimize water loss.
CAM plants (desert and marsh plants) - in dry or saline environments, Calvin Cycle occurs at a different time.

Cellular Respiration

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)

Cellular Respiration Equation

C6H12O6(Glucose) + 6O2(Oxygen) \---\> 6CO2(Carbon Dioxide) + 6H2O(Water) + ATP(Around 38)

Cellular respiration stages

Glycolysis - no oxygen required (anaerobic)
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport

Glycolysis

Process in which glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm. One molecule makes two molecules of ATP, two molecules of NADH, and two molecules of pyruvate

Krebs Cycle

Aerobic cycle where Pyruvate (from glycolysis) is broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2) through a series of reactions.
In the presence of oxygen (aerobic)
Basic steps:
Pyruvate reacts with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl CoA.
Carbon Dioxide is released
NAD+ is converted to NADH
Acetyl CoA moves to the mitochondrial matrix.
Acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon compound to form a 6-carbon compound called citric acid.
Citric acid is broken down in a series of steps releasing the following molecules:
2 CO2
1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2 - similar to NADH
Ends with four carbon compound
Cycle continues with the production of a new acetyl CoA and turns again because there are two molecules of pyruvate.

Net yield of Krebs cycle

6 CO2
2 ATP
8 NADH
2 FADH2

Electron Transport (Krebs Cycle)

Aerobic and the stage where the most ATP is produced: 32-34!
High energy electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH and FADH2 are put to work.
Electrons move along membrane from one protein to another.
This release of electrons also causes NADH and FADH2 to lose a proton (H+)
These protons are pumped into intermembrane space from the mitochondrial matrix
The protons (H+) then diffuse back down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase
This flow of protons causes the formation of ATP
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor to form H2O
Some prokaryotes also go through aerobic respiration (utilizing their cell membrane)

Cellular Respiration Net Yield

36-38 ATP

ATP Synthase

Enzyme that synthesizes ADP and P to form ATP

Anaerobic Respiration

Done by many prokaryotes, and on occasion by eukaryotes.
A pathway by the name of fermentation follows glycolysis in anaerobic respiration.
Produces limited ATP
Replenishes NAD+ (see next slide)
Lactic Acid Fermentation - muscles!
Alcohol Fermentation - yeast and bacteria.

Photosynthesis

The process in which a cell uses CO2 and H2O to make O2 and C6H12O6(Glucose

ATP

The unit of cellular energy(Adenosine triphosphate). When the phosphate group breaks off, energy is released

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Pigments

Light-absorbing, colored molecules

Chloroplasts

Organelle full of pigments where light reactions take place. Consists of inner membrane, outer membrane, thylakoid space, granum, stroma, stroma lamellae, intermembrane space, and thylakoid space.

Chlorophylls A and B colors

Green, a little blue/yellow

Caretenoids colors

Orange, a little yellow/red

Xenophylls

Yellow

Anthrocyanins

Blue, Purple, and Red

Light dependent reactions(Electron Transport)

Absorbs light energy and converts it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH(ETS)

Light independent reactions

ATP and NADPH are used to make glucose, which can be joined with other simple sugars to form larger, more complex molecules (Calvin Cycle)

Electron transport (Light Reactions)

Light energy excites electrons in PS II causing the 2H2O molecules to split(4H+ and 2O). Oxygen gas(O2) is released as waste. Separated electron is caught by an electron acceptor (Ferrodoxin) before being passed down an electron transport system(ETS). Electron movement through ETS and the movement of H through ATP synthase produces ATP. ATP is made during this process - hydrogen molecules flow down concentration gradient through ATP synthase. Electrons travel down the ETS along several electron carriers called cytochromes ending at PS I. Now, light (again) hits Photosystem I and excites an electron to a higher energy level and caught by Ferrodoxin. Ferrodoxin transfers electrons and a Hydrogen to the electron carrier, NADP+ to make NADPH