APUSH Period 7 Vocab
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155 Terms
Alfred Thayer Mahan
A United States naval officer and historian whose ideas on naval strategy profoundly influenced military and foreign policies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. emphasized the importance of a strong navy for national greatness and advocated for the control of key maritime chokepoints and the development of battleships. His seminal work, 'The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783,' argued that naval supremacy was crucial for a country’s global dominance, influencing numerous nations to expand their navies.
A conference that aimed to create a coalition among Western Hemisphere nations.The first conference was held in 1889 in Washington, D.C., and it focused on issues such as trade, mutual defense, and improving political ties.
Cuban Revolt
A significant uprising that took place in Cuba against Spanish colonial authorities beginning in 1895 and lasting until 1898, part of a larger struggle for Cuban independence from Spain. This revolt was marked by guerilla warfare tactics led by key figures such as José Martí and Máximo Gómez, aiming to liberate the island from colonial oppression. The Spanish response, which included harsh tactics like reconcentration camps for civilians, intensified the conflict and drew attention from the United States, ultimately leading to their involvement in the Spanish-American War.
A style of journalism that sensationalizes news to attract readers.Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World and William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal. These papers printed exaggerated and false accounts of Spanish atrocities in Cuba.
An amendment that promised the U.S. would not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.stated that the US had no intention of taking political control of Cuba & that once peace was restored, the Cuban people would controle their own government.
Legislation that allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs and established the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.made Cuba a U.S. protectorate (territory). As a result, Cuba’s foreign policy would be controlled by the to U.S.
A region where a country has significant cultural, economic, military, or political influence.they could dominate trade and investment within their sphere (a particular port or region of China) and shut out competitors.
A U.S. naval officer who led the American victory in the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War.fired on Spanish ships in Manila Bay. The Spanish fleet was soon pounded into submission by U.S. naval guns. The fight on land took longer. Allied with Filipino rebels, U.S. troops captured the city of Manila on August 13.
A Filipino revolutionary leader who played a key role in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule.Filipino nationalist leader he led guerrilla fighters in a war against U.S. control. It took U.S. troops three years to defeat the insurrection.
The first U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, formed during the Spanish-American War, led by Theodore Roosevelt.a regiment of volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt, who had resigned his navy post to take part in the war.was a cavalry charge up San Juan Hill in Cuba
An island group annexed by the United States in 1898 after the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani. Became the 50th US State. Primarily took for access to sugar and the navy bases.
The 26th President of the United States known for his progressive policies and the construction of the Panama Canal. Known for his big stick policy.
A U.S. policy that aimed for equal trading rights in China and the preservation of China's territorial integrity.all nations would have equal trading privileges in China. John HAy
An anti-foreign uprising in China in 1900 aimed at ending foreign influence.a secret society of Chinese nationalists—the Society of Harmonious Fists attacked foreign settlements and murdered dozens of Christian missionaries.
The 27th President of the United States and later Chief Justice of the United States. Dollar diplomacy.
A U.S. policy aimed at furthering its interests overseas through economic power and investment. By William Howard Taft
An extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserting the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin American countries. Roosevelt declared in December 1904 that the United States would intervene instead, whenever necessary.
A conflict in 1904-1905 between Russia and Japan, resulting in Japan's victory. Imperialist rivalries between Russia and Japan led to war in 1904, a war Japan was winning. To end the conflict, Roosevelt arranged a diplomatic conference between the two leaders at Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1905. Although both Japan and Russia agreed to the Treaty of Portsmouth, Japanese nationalists blamed the United States for not giving their country all that they believed they deserved from Russia.
The 28th President of the United States known for his leadership during World War I. New Freedom Break-up of Monopolies to restore competition in the market. Enforcement of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Moral Diplomacy. He was an advocate for the League of Nations and promoted the Fourteen Points as a framework for peace following the war.
A policy proposed by Wilson that emphasized spreading democratic ideals.United States respected other nations’ rights and supported the spread of democracy. Hoping to demonstrate that his presidency was opposed to self-interested imperialism, Wilson took steps to correct what he viewed as wrongful policies of the past.
A philosophical approach that evaluates theories or beliefs in terms of their practical applications. truth” should be able to pass the public test of observable results in an open, democratic society. In a democracy, citizens and institutions should experiment with ideas and laws and test them in action until they found something that would produce a well-functioning democratic society.
A social reformer who worked to improve the lives of women and children. protect women from long working hours.
A deadly industrial disaster in 1911 that led to improved factory safety standards.n a New York City high-rise garment factory took 146 lives, mostly women. The tragedy sparked greater women’s activism and pushed states to pass laws to improve safety and working conditions in factories.
The concept used by Theodore Roosevelt to describe his domestic program focusing on consumer protection, conservation, and curbing corporate excess. Roosevelt quickly demonstrated that he favored neither business nor labor
gave Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and to oversee telephone and telegraph companies
“Bull Moose” Party
The Progressive Party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 after a split in the Republican Party. This third-party movement aimed to address the social and economic issues of the time, advocating for progressive reforms such as women's suffrage, labor rights, and social welfare. The party's platform emphasized the regulation of corporations and the implementation of social justice, embodying Roosevelt's progressive ideals and determination to challenge the traditional two-party system. Roosevelt famously declared himself as during the campaign.
An African American educator and leader who advocated for vocational education for African Americans. He promoted economic self-reliance and gradual integration into society.
An African American sociologist and civil rights activist who co-founded the NAACP. First African Americanto earn a Ph.D. from Harvard University, he opposed Booker T. Washington's approach and advocated for immediate civil rights and higher education for African Americans.
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, an organization founded to fight for civil rights. Founded by Web Du Bois.
A women's rights activist who campaigned for the Equal Rights Amendment. broke from NAWSA in 1916 to form the National Woman’s Party. From the beginning, she focused on winning the support of Congress and the president for an amendment to the Constitution.
The sinking of the Lusitania resulted in significant loss of American lives and heightened tensions between the United States and Germany. Led to the US Involvement in WW1.
Intercepted by British intelligence, a telegram to Mexico from the German foreign minister proposed that Mexico ally itself with Germany in return for Germany’s pledge to help Mexico recover lost territories: Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Mexico never considered accepting the offer. However, it aroused the nationalist anger of the American people and convinced Wilson that Germany fully expected a war with the United States.
A U.S. Army general who led American forces in World War I. Commanded the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) they were the first U.S. troops to see action & were used to plug weaknesses in the French and British lines.
The head of the Committee on Public Information that promoted U.S. involvement in World War I. Journalist. Took charge of a propaganda agency called the Committee on Public Information, which enlisted the voluntary services of artists, writers, vaudeville performers, and movie stars to depict the heroism of the “boys” (U.S. soldiers)
Bolsheviks
A faction of the Russian Socialist Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, that seized power during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Advocating for a radical overthrow of the provisional government, promised peace, land, and bread to the war-weary and impoverished population. Their ideology was based on Marxist principles, seeking to eliminate capitalism and establish a dictatorship of the proletariat.
A statement of principles for peace used for negotiations to end World War I, proposed by President Wilson. Creation of League of NAtions. Congress said no.
An international organization established after World War I aimed at resolving disputes and preventing wars. Failed
A U.S. Senator who opposed the joining of the League of Nations. Senator were the leading proponents of expanding U.S. naval power and influence in the world.
The process of preparing and organizing military forces for war. During WW1 and WW2. Helped get the US out of the Great Depression.
Bonds sold in the United States to support the allied cause in World War I. Wilson’s war government managed to raise $33 billion in two years through a combination of loans and taxes. It conducted four massive drives to convince Americans to put their savings into federal government bonds.
A Supreme Court case that upheld the conviction of a socialist for distributing anti-draft pamphlets. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act in a case involving a man who had been imprisoned for distributing pamphlets against the draft. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes concluded that the right to free speech could be limited when it represented a “clear and present danger” to public safety.
A law that authorized the U.S. federal government to raise a national army for World War I through conscription. The government required all men between 21 and 30 (and later between 18 and 45) to register for possible induction into the military.
A period of anti-communist hysteria in the U.S. following World War I. the country suffered from a volatile combination of unhappiness with the peace process, fears of communism fueled by the Communist takeover in Russia, and worries about labor unrest at home. The anti-German hysteria of the war years turned quickly into anti-Communist hysteria . These anti-Communist fears also fueled xenophobia that resulted in restrictions on immigration in the 1920s.
A series of government raids aimed at capturing and deporting radical leftists and anarchists. A series of unexplained bombings caused Attorney General A. Mitchel palmer to establish a special office under J. Edgar Hoover to gather information on radicals.Most of the suspects were foreign born, and 500 of them, including the outspoken radical Emma Goldman, were deported.
A political policy favoring the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants. nativist prejudices of native-born Protestants were aroused, and workers feared competition for jobs.
Two Italian anarchists who were controversially tried and executed for robbery and murder in the 1920s. in 1921 had been convicted in a Massachusetts court of committing robbery and murder.
Liberals protested that the two men had not received a fair trial and that they had been accused, convicted, and sentenced to die simply because they were poor Italians and anarchists (who rejected all government).
A manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product efficiently. ONe specific person can only do one thing so like specialized jobs. Created by Henry Ford.
A visual arts design style that emerged in the 1920s characterized by bold geometric shapes and bright colors. captured modernist simplification of forms while using machine age materials.Many skyscrapers, such as the Chrysler and Empire State buildings in New York,
A 1925 legal case against a teacher for violating Tennessee's Butler Act by teaching evolution. to teach the theory of evolution to his high school class.Defending Scopes was a famous lawyer from Chicago, Clarence Darrow. Representing the prosecution was three-time Democratic candidate for president William Jennings Bryan, who testified as an expert on the Bible. The clash between Darrow and Bryan dramatized that the debate on evolution symbolized a battle between two opposing views of the world.
A cultural, social, and artistic explosion centered in Harlem during the 1920s.famous in the 1920s for its concentration of talented actors, artists, musicians, and writers. Because of their artistic achievements, this period. African Americans
A term used to describe the 1920s, emphasizing the rising popularity of jazz music. frican American musicians such as Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong were so popular among people of all races that the 1920s
A Jamaican-born leader of the Black Nationalism movement who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association. n 1916, the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was brought to Harlem from Jamaica by a charismatic immigrant, advocated individual and racial pride for African Americans and developed political ideas of Black nationalism.
“Return to Normalcy”
A campaign slogan popularized by Warren G. Harding during his 1920 presidential campaign. It signified a desire to return to the way of life in America prior to World War I, emphasizing stability and the end of progressive upheaval. Harding's call for' reflected the public's weariness of war, economic turmoil, and social experimentation. His platform focused on restoring traditional values, promoting economic recovery, and reducing government intervention in the economy. This slogan appealed to many Americans who sought peace and a return to what they viewed as simpler times.
A bribery scandal involving the oil reserves of the U.S. in the 1920s. Daugherty also took bribes for agreeing not to prosecute certain criminal suspects.
The 31st President of the United States, who presided over the onset of the Great Depression. hated by the american people. Lame duck act.
The first Catholic governor of New York and the Democratic presidential nominee in 1928. Hoover’s Democratic opponent was the governor of New York,
A severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. Caused by Black Tuesday the stock market crash.
The central banking system of the United States, responsible for monetary policy. designed to provide stability and flexibility to the U.S. financial system by regulating interest rates and the capital reserves required of banks.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
enacted in 1930, was one of the highest tariffs in U.S. history, raising duties on numerous imports to unprecedented levels. Aimed at protecting American industries during the economic downturn, it instead led to retaliatory tariffs from other nations, resulting in a significant decline in international trade. The tariff exacerbated the economic situation and contributed to the deepening of the Great Depression, as countries responded to the trade war by raising barriers, further stifling economic recovery.
A series of radio broadcasts by FDR to communicate directly with the American public. The president assured his listeners that the banks which reopened after the bank holiday were safe. The public responded as hoped, and the money deposited in the reopened banks exceeded the money withdrawn.
AAA
Agricultural Adjustment Act, a New Deal program aimed at boosting agricultural prices by reducing surpluses. told farmers to stop producing products. unconsitutional.
FDIC
Tan independent agency of the United States government, established in 1933 in response to the thousands of bank failures that occurred in the 1920s and early 1930s. The primary purpose is to protect depositors by providing insurance on deposits up to $250,000 per depositor per insured bank. This insurance helps maintain public confidence in the U.S. financial system, ensuring that individuals do not lose their savings in the event of a bank failure.
A law enacted in 1935 that created a social insurance program designed to pay retired workers a pension. Also for elderly and disbaled. Stil used today.
A Louisiana politician who advocated for wealth redistribution and was known for his Share-the-Wealth program. Criticized FDR.
A Catholic priest and radio personality who was a vocal critic of FDR's policies.
