Social and Global Issues (AQA) - Mandarin

"Economic Disparities"

"The unequal distribution of wealth and resources between urban and rural areas in China, leading to differences in infrastructure, healthcare, and education."

"Gini Coefficient"

"A measure of income inequality, with a high value indicating a significant disparity between the rich and poor."

"Urban-Rural Divide"

"The contrast in living conditions and access to services between urban centers like Beijing and Shanghai and rural areas in China."

"New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme"

"A Chinese government program aimed at improving healthcare coverage and affordability for rural residents."

"Educational Disparities"

"The significant differences in quality and resources between educational institutions in urban and rural areas in China."

"Social Mobility"

"The ability of individuals to move up or down the social ladder, which is influenced by factors such as geography, wealth, and education."

"Four Modernizations"

"An initiative aimed at modernizing China’s science and technology, national defense, industry, and agriculture to boost social mobility."

"Demographic Transition"

"The shift in population dynamics, including an aging population and slower growth rates, which impact social services and economic prospects."

"One-Child Policy"

"A policy introduced in 1979 that restricted most families to having a single child to control population growth."

"Two-Child Policy"

"The policy introduced in 2016 to replace the One-Child Policy, allowing families to have two children in response to demographic concerns."

"Gender Imbalance"

"A demographic issue resulting from a cultural preference for male children, leading to increased female infanticide and a skewed gender ratio."

"Hukou System"

"A household registration system in China that affects migration and access to services, which is being reformed to better integrate migrant workers into urban areas."

"Internal Migration"

"The movement of people from rural to urban areas in China seeking better economic opportunities, contributing to rapid urbanization."

"Urbanization"

"The process of population growth in urban areas, leading to modernization but also causing issues like congestion and housing affordability."

"Social Stratification"

"The hierarchical arrangement of individuals in society based on factors such as wealth, education, and occupation, affecting social mobility."

"Air Pollution"

"The contamination of the atmosphere in cities like Beijing caused by coal burning, automobile exhaust, and industrial activities."

"Water Pollution"

"The degradation of water quality in rivers and lakes, such as the Yangtze River, due to agricultural runoff and industrial discharge."

"Renewable Energy"

"Energy sources such as solar and wind power that China is increasingly adopting to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change."

"Carbon Footprint"

"The total amount of greenhouse gases produced by human activities, which China aims to reduce through various climate policies."

"Paris Agreement"

"An international climate agreement that China participates in, aiming to limit global warming and support sustainable development."

"Biodiversity"

"The variety of plant and animal life in China, which the government seeks to preserve through national parks and conservation programs."

"Wolong National Nature Reserve"

"A protected area in China dedicated to the conservation of giant pandas and other endangered species."

"South China Tiger"

"A critically endangered species with breeding programs established by the Chinese government to prevent its extinction."

"Belt and Road Initiative"

"A global development strategy by China aimed at improving trade and connectivity between nations through infrastructure investments."

"World Trade Organization (WTO)"

"An international organization China is a member of, involved in regulating and facilitating international trade agreements."

"Human Rights Concerns"

"Issues related to the treatment of ethnic minorities and restrictions on freedoms in China that attract international scrutiny."

"Trade Disputes"

"Conflicts between China and other countries, such as the United States, arising from tariffs, trade imbalances, and intellectual property rights."

"Climate Adaptation"

"Measures taken by China to prepare for and mitigate the impacts of climate change, including infrastructure investments and disaster preparedness."

"Economic Growth vs. Human Rights"

"The balancing act China faces between pursuing economic development and addressing international criticisms related to human rights issues."