Honors Biology Midterm Review

This is a set to help sam review his biology stuffs for midterm in 9th grade

definition of photosynthesis

Light-dependent chemical reaction that produces glucose from carbon dioxide and water.

purpose of photosynthesis

create sugars (glucose) for the mitochondria to break down to ATP

chemical equation of photosynthesis

6CO2+6H20 ➔ C6H12O6+ 6O2

location of photosynthesis in general

chloroplasts

definition of ATP

is the chemical energy of the cell. it stores energy and consists of three phosphate groups, ribose, and adenine

uses of ATP

-for any movement you do

-breaking down or building

-chemical work (enzymes)

-mechanical work (muscle contraction)

-transport work (active transport)

what does ATP stand for?

Adenine Triphosphate

-adenine

ribose

3 phosphate group

what does ADP stand for?

Adenine Diphosphate

-adenine

ribose

2 phosphate group

what is released when phosphate groups are broken?

energy

where between the phosphate is energy stored?

bonds

what is needed for the light reactions of photosynthesis?

light and water

thylakoid

-sac-like photosynthetic membranes arranged in stacks

-where light reactions take place

stroma

region outside thylakloid membrane

how is ATP made using etc?

in the mitochondria, the NADH and FADH donate electrons to the etc

where are the components of the etc located?

inner mitochondrial membrane

what is a protein pump?

their function is to pump out or in solutes or ions from a low concentration region to a high concentration region. this normally cannot happen so they exploit energy from ATP.

Step 1 of ETC

water enters chloroplasts and goes to water-splitting enzyme and the water splits into an oxygen and hydrogen ion (H+ and e- [2x])... oxygen is waste for this system

Step 2 of ETC

pigments (chlorophyl A) in photosystem II absorbs sunlight energizes electron

Step 3 of ETC

electrons come from photosystem and the electron loses energy, so the protein pump can pump hydrogen ions and goes into the thylakoid which is active transport.

Step 4 of ETC

pigments (chlorophyl B) in photosystem II absorbs sun light and energizes electron

Step 5 of ETC

the electron gets picked up by NADP+ (taxi). once it picks it up, it changes from NADP+ to NADPH (stage 2).

Step 6 of ETC

ATP synth-ASE has hydrogen ions flow out of the thylacoids and as that happens, the turbine inside the ATP turns- creating energy which changes ADP+P to ATP.

what are the 3 products of the light reactions?

oxygen, ATP, NADPH

purpose of respiration

to create energy in the form of ATP for regular cell functions.

anaerobic

*(happened first, animals)-- without O2

1. Glycolysis

2. Lactic Acid fermentation or Alcoholic fermentation(fungus)

aerobic

with O2

1. Glycolysis

2. Krebs Cycle

3. ETC

location of glycolysis

in a cell, cydoplasm

location of alcoholic fermentation

fungus-yeast

when does the calvin cycle occur?

day and night

where is the location of the calvin cycle

in the cloroplast, stroma (space between the thylakoids)

Step 1 of Calvin Cycle

carbon fixation- 3CO2 enters the cycle and are added to the 5-carbon chain the the work of the enzyme rubisco

Step 2 of Calvin Cycle

these break into six 3-carbon chains and energy from 6-ATP and 6-NADPH are used to help do this

Step 3 of Calvin Cycle

one 3-carbon chain (G3P) exits the cycle (thus will join up with another 3-carbon chain to form glucose)

Step 4 of Calvin Cycle

five 3-carbon chains remain with energy from 3-ATP are turned into three 5 carbon chains and recycled back to the beginning.

What do cam plants do?

only open stomata at night to collect

CO2, releasing it to the Calvin Cycle during the day

(cactus)

What do c4 plants do?

Uses PEP enzyme

Oxalate (4 carbon molecule) created

Carbon fixation occurs in bundle sheath cells

During which stage of the cell cycle is DNA copied

S phase

Two new daughter cells are haploid and not genetically identical

Telophase & Cytokinesis I

Daughter cells are not genetically identical to mother cell.

Meiosis or Mitosis?

Meiosis

Homologous chromosomes pair up and form a tetrad.

Prophase I

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Prophase

Crossing over may occur

Prophase I

Four new daughter cells are haploid and not genetically identical

Telophase & Cytokinesis II

Which kind of cll undergoes mitosis LEAST often?

a neuron

What limits how large a cell can grow?

the ratio of its surface area to its volume

The number of functional sperm cells produced in spermatogenesis

FOUR

How is a benign tumor different from a malignant tumor?

Benign tumors do not spread; cells in a malignant tumor break away and spread to other parts of the body.

Produces daughter cells that are diploid

mitosis or meiosis

MITOSIS

Chromosomes line up on the equatorial plane

Metaphase

Daughter cells are genetically identical to mother cell

mitosis or meiosis

Mitosis

Nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles separate and spindle forms

Prophase

This type of division occurs in oogenesis

Asymmetrical or Symmetrical

Asymmetrical

Cell plate forms in plant cells

Telophase & Cytokinesis

Cell process where chromosome number is halved

mitosis or meiosis

Meiosis

Sister chromatids are separated and pulled in opposite poles

ANAPHASE

Homologous chromosomes align on the equatorial plane

Metaphase I

Nuclear membrane and 2 new nuclei begin to form

Telophase & Cytokinesis

Homologous chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite poles

Anaphase I

2 new daughter cells are diploid and genetically identical

Telophase & Cytokinesis

How many egg cells form from a female germ cell?

ONE

This type of division occurs in spermatogenesis

Asymmetrical or Symmetrical

Asymmetrical

DNA

Double stranded helix that contains the genetic code

RNA

Ribose nucleic acid

Mitosis

Somatic cell division

Meiosis

Division of gametes

Telomere

Repeating nucleotide at the ends of DNA

Interphase

Normal cell activity

cell cycle

Regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasmic division

Haploid

Having one chromosome from every pair

Diploid

Two homologous pairs of genes

Centromere

The point of attachment for spindle fibers

Chromatin

The loose combination of DNA and proteins

Histone

Protein that organized chromosomes around which DNA wraps