Anatomy exam 3 digestion and stuff

Before swallowing, what does the tongue do

Manipulates food while chewing

Before swallowing, what does the epiglottis do

It is elevated to allow for air flow

During swallowing, what does the tongue do

It is elevated forcing food into the epiglottis

During swallowing, what do the larynx do

Moves up

During swallowing, what does the epiglottis do

Folds down preventing food from entering the larynx

What is digestion

Taking in food, breaks down & absorbs nutrients, eliminates remains

What is another name for the gastrointestinal tract

The Alimentary canal

What are the parts of the Alimentary canal

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines

What are the accessory digestive organs

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

What are the steps of digestion

Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation

What is propulsion

swallowing and peristalsis

What is peristalsis

wave-like muscle contractions that move food, liquids, and waste through the digestive tract

What is mechanical digestion

Chewing, churning, and segmentation

What are the serous membranes

Visceral and parietal peritoneum

What is the mesentery

The double layer of peritoneum, extends to digestive organs from back wall

What are the layers of the digestive tissue(?)

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

What are the layers of the mucosa

Epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

What type of epithelial cells is the mouth made of

Stratified squamous

What are parts of the salivary glands

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

What do the salivary glands do

Cleans mouth, dissolves substances for tasting, facilitates grinding/compaction, begins enzymatic breakdown of starch

What is in saliva

Water, salivary amylase, electrolytes, ions, mucus, and lysozyme

What does salivary amylase do

breaks down starch into sugars

What do the electrolytes and ions is saliva do

Act as buffers and activate amylase

What does mucus in saliva do

Binds and lubricates

What does lysozyme in saliva do

Has antibacterial properties

What is primary dentition

Baby teeth

What is permanent dentition

Adult teeth

What are the parts of permanent dentition

Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

What teeth does each mouth quadrant have

2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars

What are the parts of the tooth

Crown, root, root canal, and peridontal ligaments

What is the tooth crown

enamel-covered, above gingiva/gum

What is the tooth root

Embedded in the jaw

What is the tooth root canal

pulp extension into root- access for blood vessels and nerves

What is the tooth peridontal ligaments

They hold the tooth into fibrous socket

What are the types of swallowing and propulsion

Voluntary and involuntary

What is involuntary propulsion

Peristaltic waves

What is the oro/laryngo-pharynx made of

skeletal muscle

Where does the esophagus cross the diaphragm

Esophageal hiatus

Where does the esophagus join the stomach

The cardiac orifice/sphincter

What is the mucosa of the esophagus made of

Stratified squamous epithelium

What does the submucosa of the esophagus do

secretes mucus

What is the main role of the stomach

Storage & breakdown (chemical & physical) of food

What are the parts of the stomach

Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus

What keeps the stomach in place

Mesenteries

What kinds of muscles help the stomach churn and mix

Circular, longitudinal, and oblique smooth muscle layers

What is food in the stomach thats been churned up called

Chyme

What cells of the stomach produce mucus

Simple columnar epithelial gobet cells

What secretes gastric juice in the stomach

Gastric pits/glands

What are the kinds of gastric pits/glands

Mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief/zymogenic cells, and enteroendocrine cells

What do parietal stomach cells do

Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

What do chief/zymogenic stomach cells do

Secretes pepsinogen

What does pepsin do

Gets converted to pepsin by low pH

What do enteroendocrine stomach cells do

Release digestive hormones

What is the way of chemical digestion of protein in the stomach happens

Pepsinogen turns into pepsin via HCl and its low pH, pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins to amino acids and peptides

How is the release of gastric juice regulated

Neurally and hormonally

What are the phases of gastric secretion

cephalic, gastic, and intestional

What is the cephalic phase of gastric secretion

sight, smell, and thoughts of food

What is the gastric phase of gastric secretion

the feelings of fullness or distension (unfullness)

What is the intestional phase of gastric secretion

Excitatory and inhibitory

What is gastric motility

Peristalsis and propulsion

What are the phases of Gastric motility (peristalsis, propulsion) & emptying

Relaxation, contractile activity, and emptying

Where is the small intestine

between stomach and large intestine

What is the thing that separates the stomach and small intestine

Pyloric sphincter

What separates small intestine and large intestine

Iliocecal valve

What are parts of the small intestine

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, bile duct, pancreatic duct, mesenteries

What moves chyme in the small intestine

Plicae circulares

What are villi

~1mm projections that hold blood and lymph capilaries

What are microvilli

Microscopic projections of mucosal cells

What are brush border enzymes

digestive enzymes embedded in the microvilli finalizing the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins

What gets absorbed via the small intestine

Sugars, amino acids, fats, and water

What are chylomicrons

Ways fats are transported from the small intestine to the bloodstream

What are the ducts of the liver and gallbladder

Common hepatic duct, cystic duct, bile duct

What are live lobules

Functional units of the liver

What do the liver lobules do

Filter and process nutrients in blood

What are liver cells called

Hepatocytes

What does bile do

emulsify fats

What does the gallbladder do

Stores and concentrates bile

What are the functions of the liver

Carb metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, detoxification, synthesis and excretion of bile, storage, phagocytosis of RBCs, and activation of vitamin D

What are the steps of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver

Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

What are the steps of Protein metabolism in the liver

Deamination, urea formation, plasma protein formation

Where is the pancreas

In the curve of the duodenum

What are the ducts of the pancreas

main and accessory pancreatic ducts

What produces pancreatic enzymes

Acini

What do pancreatic enzymes do

neutralizes chyme and activates pancreatic proteases

What is the pH of pancreatic juice

~8

How do you activate pancreatic juice

Hormones secretin and cholecystokinin

What is the beginning of the large intestine

Ileocecal valve

What is the end of the large intestine

The anus

What does the large intestine do

Absorbs water and eliminates indigestibles

What are the parts of the large intestine

Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal

What does bacteria flora in the large intestine do

Synthesizes vitamins K and B complex

What movements does the large intestine do

Peristaltic movements and defecation

What are the catabolic processes of digestion and absorption

Hydrolysis of foods

What gets absorbed in digestion and absorption

Carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins, electrolytes, and water

What does the mouth chemically digest

Starch via salivary amylase

How does starch get digested in the small intestine

Pancreatic amylase turns it into maltose, brush border maltase turns it into 2 glucoses, glucose gets absorbed via villi

How does sucrose get digested in the small intestine

Brush border sucrase turns it into glucose and fructose which then get absorbed via villi

How does lactose get absorbed in the small intestine

Brush border lactase turns it into glucose and galactose which then get absorbed via villi

What is the heat energy value of food

kcal (C)

What is a kcal

The heat energy required to raise 1kg of water by 1 degree celcius