Intro to Psych Final

Compilation of quiz questions

Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of research on the benefits of running a mile every day. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of the findings?

replication

Depression and suicide are more common in North America today that they were a century ago. But in both periods, pessimistic think and feelings of loneliness correspond to a heightened risk of depression and suicide. This best illustrates that __________ plays a role in depression and suicide in varied settings.

common underlying principles

A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive correlation between

intelligence and income

Developing testable predictions before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as

hindsight bias

Smiling is to feeling as _______ is to __________.

behavior, mental process

Inherited ability is to learned skill as __________ is to ________.

nature, nurture

In an effort to prevent participants in an experiemnt from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions, psychologists sometimes

deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment

Professor Jones believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference promoted the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.

evolutionary

A sense of humility regarding teh accuracy of our commonsense thinking is most likely to be undermined by

hindsight bias

Which perspective would suggest that the facila expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited?

social-cultural

In one study, introductory psychology students were fitted with electronically activated recording devices so that researchers could sample their daily activities. The researchers used a scientific method known as

naturalistic observation

Suppose the correlation between children's body weight and their reading ability is -1.00. This would mean that

among children, better reading ability is associated with lower body weight.

Professor Jamison is studying the impact of alcohol consumption on driving impairment. She divides participants into two groups. One group gets the treatment, in this case alcohol, and the other group does not. Participants then complete a task to measure their reaction time. Professor Jamison finds that those who had consumed alcohol had a slower reaction time than those who did not consume alcohol. She then concludes that alcohol consumption would impair driving ability. Why is she able to reach this conclusion?

She is testing theoretical principles that can help explain everyday behaviors.

Zack has advanced in competitive gymnastics rather quickly because he is genetically predisposed to enjoy competition and is quite flexible. This best illustrates that

nurture works on what nature provides

Which of the following (SQ3R, a correlation coefficient, a random sample, an independent variable) is a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables?

a correlation coefficient

To assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented students about thier physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research, the dependent variable was

interpersonal attraction

In a survey, psychologists select a random sample of research participants to ensure that

the participants are representative of the population they are interested in studying

Although we may be unaware of our gender prejudices, they often influence the way we consciously perceive men and women. This best illustrates

dual processing

A survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, while those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of

thinking that association proves causation

Dendrite is to ________ as axon is to _________.

signal reception, signal transmission

Melinda is a returning college student. She took 10 years off when she had her first child and is now finishing course requirements for her bachelor's degree. She has noticed that many of her classmates are much younger than she is and that they miss many classes and talk about "partying" frequently. This may be because their ________ are not yet completely developed.

frontal lobes

Knowing that you will be punished for hitting your little sister is a function of the

association areas

Mr. Stetson suffers from Parkinson's disease and his shaking arm movements are so severe that he has difficulty feeding or dressing himself without help. His symptoms are most likely to be linked with an undersupply of the neurotransmitter

dopamine

Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel your friend giving you a backrub?

parietal

An EEG shows bursts of rapid brain-wave activity during _____ sleep.

N2

As Bryson thinks about having sex with his girlfriend, his hypothalamus secretes hormones that trigger the pituitary gland to

influence his sex glands to release their hormones

At 3:00 am, 10-year-old Lee gets out of bed and sleepwalks to the kitchen. An EEG of his brain activity is most likely to indicate the presence of

delta waves

Sleep deprivation ________ the production of body fat by ________ levels of the stress hormone cortisol.

stimulates, increasing

Hypnagogic sensations are to ________ as delta waves are to ________.

N1, N3

Dr. Jones conducts research to better understand how different regions of the brain work together. He is also interested in the causes of psychological disorders. Which of the following techniques is he likely to implement in his research?

A laboratory cat could be made to twitch its whiskers by direct stimulation of the _______ lobes of its cerebral coretx.

frontal

The increased risk of car accidents for drivers talking on a cell phone

is equally great for those using handheld and those using hands-free phones

Exposure to bright light causes the

suprachiasmatic nucleus to suppress the production of melatonin

To identify which of Iona's brain areas was most active when she talked, neuroscientists gave her a temporarily radioactive form of glucose and a(n)

PET scan

A biological psychologist would be most interested in conducting research on the relationship between

neurotransmitters and schizophrenia

Kailee is a university student in a philosophy program. The fact that her dreams often involve abstract issues is best explained by

neural activation theory

Sensory information is transmitted from the ________ visual field of __________ to the left cerebral hemisphere.

right, both the right and left eyes

An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to

depression

Research studies of the content of dreams indicate that

most dreams are bad dreams, involving being attacked or rejected, for example

The first time that 3-year-old Vishal saw his older sister play a piccolo, she thought it was simply a large whistle. Simone's initial understanding of the piccolo best illustrates the process of

assimilation

Seven-year-old Amba can't consciously recall any experiences of the first three years of her life. This best illustrates that

all children experience infantile amnesia

While holding her friend's newborn, Betsy caresses the baby's cheek. The baby turns her head toward the touch and opens her mouth. The baby will next

root for a nipple

When considering the development of secure attachments, nature is to nurture as _______ is to _______.

temperament, responsive parenting

Which of the following people is most likely to enjoy an enduring marriage?

Zach, who smiled all the time as a child

Erikson would have suggested that adolescents can most effectively develop a sense of identity by

seeking a lifelong romantic relationship

A child's temperament is likely to be

stable over time

Infants stare longer than usual at unexpected events such as a ball stopping in midair. This suggests that Piaget

underestimated the cognitive capacities of infants

Evidence that preschoolers develop a theory of mind suggests that Piaget overestimated young children's

egocentrism

Many people would find it more morally repulsive to kill someone by thrusting a knife into his or her body than by shooting him or her with a gun from a distance. This is best explained in terms of

Haidt's intuitionist perspective

When 10-year-old Danielle repeatedly practices the precise motor skills involved in texting, the cortical areas directly controlling these motor skills are likely to develop more complex

formal operations

The placenta is formed from

many of the outer cells of the zygote

Mrs. Jones cut Lorena's sausage into eight pieces and Jenn's into six pieces. Jenn cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much sausage as Lorena. Piaget would say that Jenn doesn't understand the principle of

conservation

Based on a fraudulent 1998 study, some parents were misled into thinking that the childhood MMR vaccine increased the risk of

autism spectrum disorder

Shelly's baby is 12 months old and is not walking yet. What should you say to Shelly?

"This is perfectly normal. Although 50 percent of babies walk by the time they are 12 months old, many don't until they are 15 months old."

Barbara punishes both her 3-year-old and 1-year-old daughters frequently, often for what seems like no misbehavior. Her behavior is most likely related to a a lack of

an early and secure attachment to her own parents

Some mothers feeds their infants when they show signs of hunger, whereas others fail to respond predictably to their infants' demands for food. These different maternal feeding practices are most likely to contribute to differences in infant

attachment

During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a

zygote and finally develops into a fetus

Avoiding physical punishment is to ________ morality as respecting the laws of society is to _______ morality.

preconventional, conventional

For children from impoverished environments, stimulating educational experiences during early childhood are most likely to

activate and strengthen some neural pathways

After he was scolded on several occasions for throwing food on the floor at a restaurant, James became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, scolding was a(n ) ________ for James' fear.

unconditioned stimulus

Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bed-wetting, Colin becomes nervous whenever he senses an urge to urinate. If getting ready for bed to go to sleep at night subsequently makes Colin unusually anxious, this would best illustrate

generalization

People are especially likely to behave aggressively after heavy exposure to TV violence in which attractive people engage in seemingly

justified and realistic violence that causes a lot of

Mr. Davidson frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to

preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness

You are trying to train your dog to sit, so you work with him every day after lunch and then again after dinner. After several days, you notice that your dog sits on his own, without your command, around lunch time. This demonstrates

the role of cognitive processes in conditioning

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student learning when using online adaptive quizzing?

respondent behavior

Ned, a banker, works out at the local gym every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Ned's habit of going to the gym is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.

negative

A child who is punished for hitting his sister but not for hitting other kids on the school playgroup is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of hitting that is indicative of

discrimination

Brad is addicted to alcohol and usually drinks at parties with his friends. It is likely that his friends have become a _________ for alcohol cravings.

CS

To assess whether Mrs. Wright had suffered a brain injury, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a

CS

Brenda's cat salivates in response to the taste of food in its mouth. Each morning, Brenda places the cat's food on the back porch. When the door to the porch opens, a bell rings. So, each time Brenda opens the door the bell rings. Now, Brenda's cat salivates when the bell rings. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

food

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

shaking in cold weather

Bradley is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Bradley prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio

Pedro and Alan sell newspaper subscriptions by telephone. Pedro is paid $1.00 for every six calls he makes, while Alan is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Pedro's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Alan's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

fixed-ratio, variable-ratio

To quickly teach a parrot to talk, you would be best advised to use

immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers

You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to

walk on its hind legs

Operant response rates tend to be ________ when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule. Operant response rates tend to be ________ consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.

higher, more

A psychologist who emphasizes cognitive processes would be likely to suggest that classical conditioning depends on

an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS

When Aaron is with his girlfriend, he feels so in love, happy, and content. Because he and his girlfriend text and talk on the phone frequently throughout the day, Aaron has set up a special ring tone for his girlfriend. Now, when he hears the ring tone, he feels happy and content. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

Aaron's girlfriend

An involuntary response is to ________ as a voluntary response is to ________.

classical conditioning, operant conditioning

When children are interviewed about their recollections of an event, their reports are especially credible if

they are asked nonleading questions by a neutral interviewer soon after the possible abuse

When retrieving memories of a past event, we often fill in memory gaps with guesses about details. The fact that these guessed details are then incorporated into our memory of that event is most relevant to appreciating the importance of

memory construction

Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues?

rehearsal

Automatic processing most clearly occurs without

conscious rehearsal

While Freud proposed that we repress traumatic experiences, Sam would disagree. He remembers every detail of the last hurricane that came through his town and how he and his family were affected by it. In fact, his memories are often intrusive, and he wishes he could repress them, as Freud had suggested. Why are Sam's memories NOT repressed?

research has found that experiencing trauma releases stress hormones that cause people to pay attention and remember the threat

Storage is to encoding as _________ is to ________.

retention, acquisition

Cerebellum is to _______ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.

implicit, explicit

After hearing a list of items, peoples' immediate recall of the items is more likely to show a(n )________ effect than is their later recall of the items.

When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often replace some of the words on the original list with similar but more familiar words. This best illustrates the impact of

encoding meaning

After falling in love with Jerome, Katerina verbally exaggerated how much she had liked him the first time they met. Later Katerina's memory of her first impressions of Jerome became increasingly more positive. This best illustrates

the misinformation effect

When experimental participants viewed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second, they

had a momentary sensory memory of all nine letters

Streaming a movie in which a husband and wife are constantly fighting led Stephanie to recall several instances in which her husband had needlessly picked an argument with her. The effect of the streamed movie on Stephanie's recall provides an example of

priming

Experimental participants viewed symbols on a computer screen without knowing that these symbols had earlier been subliminally flashed on the screen. Based on information provided in the text, it can be expected that half the participants will report experiencing

déjà vu

During her psychology test, Danielle could not remember the meaning of the term semantic memory. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared around the middle of a right-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of

automatic processing

A flashbulb memory would typically be a(n)

implicit memory

Using different neural networks to simultaneously encode the sights, sounds, and smells of remembered football game best illustrates

parallel processing

The ability to retain more information after sleep and to be a creative problem solver has been found to be most closely associated with a large ________ memory capacity in young adults

working

To remember the concepts discussed in her sociology textbook, Ami often relates them to her own life experiences. Ami's strategy is an effective memory aid because it involves

meaningful encoding

After hearing a TV news report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people, including Simone, who actually witnessed the accident, began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case. This provides an example of

proactive interference

Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially

rapid and subsequently levels off

To qualify for the plant supervisor's job, 50-year-old Donna must take a series of psychological tests. Her performance on the test of ________ is likely to be poorer than if she had taken it as a 25-year-old.