blood vessels

What are blood vessels?

Closed vascular system for blood transport

What is the function of arteries and arterioles?

Carry blood away from the heart

What is the function of capillary beds?

Exchange between tissues and blood

What is the function of venules and veins?

Return blood to the heart

What are the three layers in blood vessels?

Tunica intima, media, externa

What is the function of tunica intima?

Friction-reducing lining

What is the function of tunica media?

Smooth muscle and elastic tissue, controlled by the sympathetic nervous system

What is the function of tunica externa?

Protective outermost covering, mostly fibrous connective tissue

What are the structural differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries?

Arteries have heavier, stronger, stretchier tunica media; veins have thinner tunica media and valves; capillaries have only one cell layer

What is the function of capillaries?

Allow for exchanges between blood and tissue

What is microcirculation?

Blood flow through a capillary bed

What is the path of blood flow through a capillary bed?

Terminal arteriole -\> exchange vessels of capillary bed -\> postcapillary venule

What are the special capillary beds on the mesentery?

Regulated by precapillary sphincters and have vascular shunts

What is the function of precapillary sphincters?

Regulate blood flow through a capillary bed

What is the function of vascular shunts?

Directly connect the arteriole and venule at opposite ends of the bed

What is the largest artery in the body?

Aorta

Where does the aorta leave from?

Left ventricle of the heart

What are the regions of the aorta?

Ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta

What is the abdominal aorta?

Passes through diaphragm into abdominopelvic cavity

What are the arterial branches of the ascending aorta?

Right and left coronary arteries

What are the arterial branches of the aortic arch?

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

What are the branches of the brachiocephalic trunk?

Right common carotid artery, right subclavian artery

What are the branches of the left common carotid artery?

Left internal and external carotid arteries

What does the left subclavian artery branch into?

Vertebral artery

What does the subclavian artery become in the axilla?

Axillary artery

What does the axillary artery become in the arm?

Brachial artery, radial and ulnar arteries

What are the arterial branches of the thoracic aorta?

Intercostal arteries, brachial arteries, esophageal arteries, phrenic arteries

What does the celiac trunk supply?

Stomach, spleen, liver

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

Most of small intestine and first half of large intestine

What do the left and right renal arteries supply?

Kidneys

What do the left and right gonadal arteries supply?

Females: ovarian arteries, Males: testicular arteries

What do the lumbar arteries serve?

Muscles of the abdomen and trunk

What does the inferior mesenteric artery serve?

Second half of large intestine

What are the final branches of the aorta?

Left and right common iliac arteries

What do the internal iliac arteries serve?

Pelvic organs

What do the external iliac arteries become in the thigh?

Femoral artery, popliteal artery, anterior and posterior tibial arteries

What are the major veins of the systemic circulation?

Superior and inferior vena cavas

What does the superior vena cava drain?

Head and arms

What does the inferior vena cava drain?

Lower body

What veins drain into the superior vena cava?

Radial, ulnar, cephalic, basilic, subclavian, vertebral, internal jugular, brachiocephalic, azygos

What does the cephalic vein drain?

Lateral aspect of the arm

What does the basilic vein drain?

Medial aspect of the arm

What is the median cubital vein?

Junction of basilic and cephalic veins at the elbow

What does the subclavian vein receive venous blood from?

Arm, skin, muscles

What does the vertebral vein drain?

Posterior part of the head

What does the internal jugular vein drain?

Dural sinuses of the brain

What do the left and right brachiocephalic veins receive venous blood from?

Subclavian veins, vertebral veins, internal jugular veins

What does the azygos vein drain?

Thorax

What veins drain into the inferior vena cava?

Anterior and posterior tibial veins, fibial veins, popliteal vein, femoral vein, external iliac vein, great saphenous veins, left and right gonadal veins, left and right renal veins, hepatic portal vein, left and right hepatic veins

What are the great saphenous veins?

Longest veins of the body that receive superficial drainage of the legs

What forms each common iliac vein?

Union of the internal and external iliac vein on its own side

What does the right gonadal vein drain in females and males?

Right ovary and right testicle, respectively

Where does the left gonadal vein empty?

Left renal vein

What do the left and right renal veins drain?

Kidneys

What does the hepatic portal vein drain?

Digestive organs and travels through the liver before it enters systemic circulation

What do the left and right hepatic veins drain?

Liver

What do the internal carotid arteries divide into?

Anterior and middle cerebral arteries

What is the cerebral arterial circle also known as?

Circle of Willis

What are the arteries that supply most of the cerebrum?

Carotid arteries

What is the basilar artery?

Joining of vertebral arteries

What does the basilar artery serve?

Brain stem and cerebellum

What is the division of the basilar artery?

Posterior cerebral arteries

What do the posterior cerebral arteries supply?

Posterior cerebrum

What is the complete circle of connecting blood vessels called?

Cerebral arterial circle or circle of Willis

What is hepatic portal circulation?

Veins draining digestive organs, spleen, and pancreas to liver

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

Carries blood to liver for processing

What veins does the hepatic portal vein receive blood from?

Splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, and left gastric vein

What are vital signs?

Measurements of pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature

What is arterial pulse?

Expansion and recoil of blood vessel wall as heart beats

Where is pulse monitored?

Pressure points in superficial arteries

What is the average pulse at rest in a healthy person?

70 to 76 bpm

What is blood pressure?

Pressure blood exerts against inner walls of blood vessels

What is the force that causes blood to continue to flow in the blood vessels?

Blood pressure gradient

What happens when the ventricles contract?

Blood is forced into elastic arteries close to the heart

What is the pressure gradient that blood flows along?

From high to low pressure

Where is pressure high and where is it low in the blood vessels?

High in arteries, lower in capillaries, and lowest in veins

What are the two arterial blood pressures measured?

Systolic and diastolic

What is blood pressure?

Systolic pressure over diastolic pressure in mm Hg

What is the auscultatory method?

Indirect method of measuring blood pressure

What is arterial blood pressure?

BP directly related to CO and PR

What is cardiac output?

Amount of blood pumped out of left ventricle per minute

What is peripheral resistance?

Amount of friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels

What is the formula for blood pressure?

BP \= CO x PR

What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on blood pressure?

Little to no effect

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on blood pressure?

Promotes vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure

How do the kidneys regulate blood pressure?

By altering blood volume

What happens when blood pressure is too high?

Kidneys release water in the urine

What happens when blood pressure is too low?

Kidneys release renin to trigger the formation of angiotensin ll, a vasoconstrictor

What is the effect of angiotensin ll?

Stimulates the release of aldosterone, which enhances sodium (and water) reabsorption by kidneys

What is the effect of heat on blood pressure?

Vasodilating effect

What is the effect of cold on blood pressure?

Vasoconstriction effect

What is the effect of epinephrine on blood pressure?

Increases heart rate and blood pressure

What is the commonly believed diet to prevent hypertension?

Low in salt, saturated fats, and cholesterol

What is the normal human range for systolic pressure?

110-140 mm Hg

What is the normal human range for diastolic pressure?

70-80 mm Hg

What is hypotension?

Low blood pressure

What is acute hypotension a warning sign for?

Circulatory shock

What is hypertension?

Sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg

What is interstitial fluid?

Tissue fluid found between cells

How do substances move to and from the blood and tissue cells?

Through capillary walls due to concentration gradients