P-TECH Cybersecurity Mid-term Review

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"What are the characteristics of RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 5, and RAID 10

,"RAID 0 offers striping with no redundancy; RAID 1 mirrors data for redundancy; RAID 5 uses striping with parity for fault tolerance; RAID 10 combines mirroring and striping for performance and redundancy

"What are the four major parts of a hard disk drive (HDD)

,"The four major parts are platters, spindle, read/write head, and actuator arm

"What is wear leveling in SSD drives

,"Wear leveling is a technique used to distribute write and erase cycles evenly across memory cells to extend the lifespan of an SSD

"How do HDDs and SSDs store data

,"HDDs store data magnetically on spinning platters, while SSDs store data electronically in flash memory cells

"What are the strengths and weaknesses of HDDs and SSDs

,"HDDs are cheaper and offer larger capacities but are slower and more fragile; SSDs are faster, more durable, and energy-efficient but cost more per gigabyte

"What are the characteristics of PAN, LAN, WAN, and WLAN networks

,"PAN covers personal devices over short distances; LAN connects devices within a local area; WAN spans large geographic areas; WLAN is a wireless version of LAN

"What is a SOHO network and where is it used

,"SOHO stands for Small Office/Home Office, used in small business or home environments for limited users and devices

"What is the difference between a managed and unmanaged switch

,"A managed switch allows configuration, monitoring, and control of network traffic; an unmanaged switch operates automatically with no configuration options

"What is a collision domain

,"A collision domain is a network segment where data packets can collide when being sent on a shared medium

"What is Ethernet and what is a MAC address used for

,"Ethernet is a wired networking technology for local area networks; a MAC address uniquely identifies a network interface card (NIC) on a network

"What is the benefit of using a switch

,"A switch reduces collisions by creating separate collision domains for each connected device, improving network efficiency

"What does NIC stand for and what does it do

,"NIC stands for Network Interface Card; it connects a computer to a network and handles communication at the data link layer

"What is the difference between UTP and STP cables and where are they used

,"UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) cables are used in most networks for cost efficiency; STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) cables are used in environments with high electromagnetic interference

"What is plenum cable and where is it required

,"Plenum cable is fire-resistant and low-smoke cable used in air-handling spaces of buildings to meet safety codes

"What is attenuation

,"Attenuation is the loss of signal strength as it travels through a cable or medium

"What are the four layers of the TCP/IP model and their order

,"The four layers are Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Interface (or Link) layer, in that order

"What is ARP and what does it do

,"ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps IP addresses to MAC addresses within a local network

"What are the strengths and weaknesses of TCP and UDP, and when are they used

,"TCP is reliable and connection-oriented, used for applications like web browsing and email; UDP is faster but unreliable, used for streaming and gaming

"What is the ARP table and what does it do

,"The ARP table stores mappings of IP addresses to MAC addresses for devices on the local network

"What is dotted decimal notation and slash notation

,"Dotted decimal notation represents IP addresses (e.g., 192.168.1.1); slash notation indicates subnet mask length (e.g., /24)

"How can the network and host ID be distinguished based on the subnet mask

,"The subnet mask determines which portion of the IP address identifies the network and which identifies the host

"What addresses are reserved as network, broadcast, or valid

,"Addresses ending in .0 are network addresses, .255 are broadcast addresses, and others are valid host addresses

"What are the three IP ranges reserved as private

,"The private IP ranges are 10.0.0.0–10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0–172.31.255.255, and 192.168.0.0–192.168.255.255

"What is the difference between a private and public IP address

,"Private IPs are used within local networks and not routable on the internet; public IPs are globally unique and used for internet communication

"What does a subnet mask do

,"A subnet mask defines the network and host portions of an IP address, determining which devices are on the same network

"What is the default gateway and what role does it play

,"The default gateway is a router that forwards traffic from a local network to external networks, such as the internet

"When should static versus dynamic IP addressing be used

,"Static IPs are used for servers or devices needing consistent addresses; dynamic IPs are assigned automatically by DHCP for general devices

"How many octets are in an IP address and subnet mask

,"Both an IP address and a subnet mask contain four octets