APUSH Period 8 Part 2 IDs

1. Lyndon Johnson’s talents

Born in Texas, LBJ becomes a public school teacher out of college, becomes a well-known political leader, and is praised as an effective senator

• Senate majority leader

• “Master of the Senate”

2. Conservatism

Citizens should be self-efficient and the role of the government should be smaller

3. Barry Goldwater

Candidate in the Republican Party 1964 Election; sets conservative vs. republican debate

4. Modern conservative movement in politics

A movement in politics led by Barry Goldwater with conservative principles

5. Great Society

LBJ’s platform to make a difference and honor JFK by pushing through legislation that JFK would’ve wanted

• Push through new laws to help people who have been ignored by the government

• The New Deal is a big change in government, but this is a bigger platform

• Aided poor people in impoverished areas and provided them with educational opportunities

Created the Department of Transportation (highway oversight and safety regulations) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (fair housing practices)

6. 1964 Economic Opportunity Act

Created Head Start, a free nursery school program, to help low income families by giving their kids a head start on their education

7. Civil Rights Act of 1964

Prohibits discrimination based on race and gives the government the right to sue schools for not desegregating

8. War on Poverty

A set of social welfare programs and policies introduced by LBJ

* Reducing poverty and improving the economic opportunities of low-income Americans

9. VISTA: Volunteers in Service to America

Money to volunteers who worked in deprived domestic communities

10. Conservatives v. Liberals in 1960s

• Liberals: problems of poverty warranted federal government intervention

• Conservatives: citizens need to take responsibility for the welfare of the people

11. Voting Rights Act of 1965

Protects voting rights for everyone based on pace and prohibits literacy tests

12. Immigration Act of 1965

Abolishes the quota system and makes it easier for refugees to come to America

13. Medicare/Medicaid

• Medicare: health insurance for old people

• Medicaid: health insurance for kids living in poverty

14. Brown v. Board of Education

Happening in 1954, it was a collection of 5 lawsuits about racial segregation in schools

• Charles Houston, Thurgood Marshall, and Oliver Hill were big names with the NAACP

• Chief Justice Earl Warren declared separate but equal inherently unequal, striking down Plessy and demanding that all schools be integrated with “all deliberate speed”

15. Massive Resistance

Southern states deciding to ignore the decision of Brown, saying it is a state’s right to control education (federalism)

16. Southern Manifesto

The Supreme Court overreached, so the Southern states condemned this decision and wanted the states to resist

17. Citizen Councils

Used economic oppression to push back on integration of public schools

• Similar to KKK

• If in support of the Brown decision, you could be fired, not hired, denied loans, etc.

18. Prince Edward County, Virginia

Closed public schools for all from 1959-1964 instead of integrating schools

• A private academy opened up, but only rich white people could attend

• Harry Flood Byrd was a powerful VA senator that loves massive resistance

19. Little Rock Nine

Happening in 1957, 9 high schoolers try to integrate schools

• Governor Orval Faubas used the national guard to keep the students out of school

• Eisenhower sends troops to protect the 9

• Faubas closes the schools in 1958

20. self-purification

Accepting hate and not retaliating, putting the movement before your ego

21. Emmitt Till

A 14-year-old boy from Chicago is kidnapped, beaten, shot, and dumbed in a river while visiting family in Mississippi 1955 after a grocery store employee claims the boy whistled at her

* Funeral with an open casket awakens Americans to the true extent of racism in the South

22. Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks and MLK encourage people to stop riding the buses, rather walking, carpooling, and hitching rides so the bus lines were forced to change their policies

23. SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Group and network of black ministers created by MLK

24. Sit-ins

Starts in Greensboro, NC when students sit at lunch counters for white people and order food

* 54 demonstrations across the country

25. SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

College students coordinate lunch counter events

* With “kneal-ins” (church) and “wade-ins” (pool) too

26. Freedom Riders

Testing the desegregated buses to see if the policies are true by riding the buses through deep South depots

* Get attacked and pulled out of buses

27. Birmingham Boycott

Happening in 1963, MLK went after Eugene “Bull” Connor, a white supremacist threatening activists

• Encourages a boycott of businesses

• Encourages a march with students

  • Met with police brutality

• MLK arrested, wrote “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”

28. Medgar Evers

A growing activist and close collaborator with MLK who gets assassinated 1963

29. Selma March

MLK led a march for voting from Selma to Montgomery in March of 1965, but when crossing a bridge, they were met with violent outburts from citizens and police

• Bloody Sunday

For the third try, LBJ sneds in troops to help the marchers

• Leads to the Voting Rights Act of 1965

30. Watts Riots

Happening in 1965, these were race riots with looting and violence from both races

* In California, showing the racial tension in the U.S.

31. Kerner Commission

Happening in 1968, this was an investigation into why the riots occured

* Obviously because of systemic racism, lack of educational opportunities, and segregation

32. Black power

The movement that shifts from nonviolence to more radical ideas, coined after Malcomn X

33. Black Nationalism

• Violence is okay if it is for self-defense, actually, it is intelligence

• Pride of racial heritage

• Some think superiority or intentionally staying separate to create a better society

34. Malcolm X

A minister with the Nation of Islam who was an engaging public speaker who said that violence is okay if it is self-defense

* Assassinated in 1965

35. Nation of Islam

Religious organization about Black superiority with Islam, also antisemetic

36. Stokely Carmichael

Advocated for violent retaliation with Malcomn X

37. Huey Newton/Eldridge Cleaver

Led the Black Panther Party

38. Black Panthers

Political organization about racial pride and equity, fighting violence with violence, and free breakfast programs

39. MLK

A minister and activist who advocated for racial equality and nonviolent resistance, leading the Civil Rights Movement until his assassination in 1968

Domino Theory

One communist country, Vietnam, will cause all countries to fall to communism

40. Difference in civil rights from 1950-1964 to 1964-1970

• 1950-1964: Focused on the South and a nonviolent approach

  • Seeing the calm activists with angry pushbacks creates support for the activists

• 1964-1970: New voices willing to retaliate

42. Ho Chi Minh

Starts a communist revolution in 1941 in Vietnam

• Wanting government control of industry and agriculture

• Declared Vietnam as an independent communist country, previously French Indo-China

The U.S. sends economic and military help to France

• France surrenders 1954

Geneva Accords

Splits Vietnam at the 17th parallel

• North Vietnam: communist

• South Vietnam: democratic but still oppressive

Advisors

The U.S. sends 16,000 American troops to watch the 17th parallel and North Vietnam

43. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Incident: U.S. naval vessels attacked after spying on North Vietnamese territory

Resolution: gives the president the power to take all necessary measures to fight North Vietnamese attacks

44. Vietcong

“National Liberation Front” or the North Vietnamese communist guerillas

Drop and go

Helicopters fly close to the ground to deploy American troops

Bomb and burn

Goal: to break North Vietnam’s motive for fighting

• Dropping burning chemical (napalm) from helicopters on land for physical destruction

• Agent Orange released to kill plants

Operation Rolling Thunder

Destroy the Ho Chi Minh Trail with bombs as it is a supply line for the Vietcong

45. Tet Offensive

January 31, 1968 was seen as a truce for the New Years Holiday in Vietnam

• Vietcong disregard truce and coordinate series of attacks on more than 100 towns

• General Westmoreland helps push back Vietcong further than offensive

Credibility Gap

Public doesn’t believe or trust the government anymore

46. Anti-War Movement

Civil rights leaders, students, and political liberals who believed that America’s actions in Vietnam were morally wrong

47. Students for a Democratic Society

SDS: voiced objections of the Vietnam War

48. Free Speech Movement

Students at UC Berkley who voiced objections of the Vietnam War

49. Port Huron Statement

Student activist Tom Hayden issued this statement to condemn the war and chastise LBJ administration for pushing young American men to serve against their will

50. Draft Protest

MLK led anti-war protesters in a march from Central Park to the United Nations building in opposition to the Vietnam War

51. Counterculture

Young adults against mainstream culture in the 1960s

* Sex outside marriage, drugs, alternative music, communal living experiments

52. 1968 Democratic National Convention

August 1968 event to determine the democratic nomination for president

* Yippies protest for anti-war sentiment and Mayor Daley increases political presence

53. Eugene McCarthy

A senator from Minnesota, with anti-war sentiment

54. Robert F. Kennedy

JFK’s brother who was an advocate for civil rights and expected to be the next president was assassinated in 1968

55. Hubert Humphrey

LBJ’s VP, believes in the war involvement

56. Richard Nixon

• Runs on the promise of “peace with honor” by slowly removing troops from Vietnam

• Expanded air war

  • Bombs Cambodia, which destabilizes country and leads to the rise of Khmer Rouge

57. George Wallace/American Independent Party

Prevents Black students from applying to college; white supremacist

58. Vietnamization

Turn all fighting to South Vietnam army

* Four years of negotiation and ceasefires

Nixon Doctrine

No combat troops but continued financial aid to South Vietnam

59. My Lai Massacre

The U.S. troops burned and murdered families in the Vietcong stronghold village of My Lai in 1968, not publically known until two years later

60. Kent State Massacre

A protest by students on the issue of Cambodia leads to an open fire by the national guard in 1970

61. Pentagon Papers

Papers published by the New York Times in 1971, revealing that the U.S. had secretly enlarged the scope of its actions in the Vietnam War

* Had documents of all U.S. involvement