Pyschopathology Exam 1

Pyschopathology

Symptoms and signs of mental disorders

Harmful dysfunction

A syndrome is a mental disorder if the behavior is harmful and something is internally wrong (atypical functioning)

Mental disorders

Syndromes defined by their symptoms that are diagnosed using the DSM-5 and do not include grief, rebellion, etc

DSM-5

guidelines for the classification of mental disorders that places an emphasis on the consequences of maladaptive behaviors that are disruptive to functioning that rearranged the map of mental disorders (published in 2013)

Prevalence

the number of ongoing cases at a given time

Incidence

the number of new cases at a given time

onset

the age of an individual when they develop a disorder (for mental disorders, it is usually during childhood or adolesence)

Mental disorder statistics

1. 50% of people have one or mental disorders at some point in their lives

2. 20% of individuals with mental disorders are actively being treated

3. 5/10 leading causes of disabilities are mental disorders

Global burden of disease

mortality + disability

cooccurance

having two or more mental disorders at once

Major depressive disorder

the most common mental disorder

Psychiatry

branch of medicine that focuses on psychological disorders and treatments

clinical psychology

field that focuses on the application of psychological sciences to treatment and assessments of mental disorders

Social work

field that focuses on the achievement of effective psychosocial functioning

counselors

individuals who help people deal with a variety of problems, including personal, social, educational, and career concerns

Psychosocial Rehabilitation (PSR)

individuals who help patients rediscover skills and access community resources needed to live successfully that is largely influenced by psychosocial theory

Greece

Ancient civilization that believed mental disorders have natural causes and were caused by an imbalance of the four fluids (humors)

India

Ancient civilization that emphasized a strong mind-body connection and believed the imbalance of energy was the cause of mental disorders (example of early biopsychosocial model)

Egypt

Ancient civilization that looked at all illnesses together

China

ancient civilization that believed the imbalance of energies, yin and yang, were the cause of mental disorders

European asylums

1400s-1700s, places that were originally created as refuges for those with mental disorders and later became containment centers

Philipe Pinel

French physician known for unshackling patients who worked to reform the treatment of people with mental disorders and argued that treatment was possible

Moral treatment movement

movement for the humane treatment of those with mental disorders that focused on care and respect; declined due to overcrowding, poor quality of treatments, and increased stigmas against individuals with mental disorders

Benjamin Rush

Early advocate of humane care in the united states

William Tuke

Man who emphasized respect and dignity for those with mental illness in England

Dorthea Dix

Woman who brought public attention to the treatment of those with mental illnesses in the US and helped create the first state-supported mental hospitals

Deinstitutionalization

Movement in the 1950s that placed an emphasis on community care, psychotherapy, and psychiatric meds rather than mental hospitals

Nomathetic

research approach that focuses on what works in general

Idiographic

research approach that focuses on understanding people in depth

Scientific method

methedological procedure that tests a hypothesis via observation and measurement

Case study

in-depth study of an individual that is often helpful and insightful but the findings are not always generalizable

Correlation research

experiments that test the association of two variables

Experimental research

test the effect of the IV on the DV by manipulating the IV and using random assignment

quasi-experiments

experiments done without random assignment when true experiments won't work

longitudinal studies

studies that follow individuals over long periods of time

single-case studies

studies that follow a single person across their treatment

Epidemiological studies

Studies that accumulate mass data from large samples to test the commonality and risk factors of certain mental disorders

IRB

Review board in place to protect subjects that requires experiments to be ethical, voluntary, contain informed participants, and not pose psychological or physical risks,

Developmental psychology

branch of psychology that believes disorders appear over time and are not caused by single events

Chronic disorders

disorders that persist over time

Episodic disorders

Disorders characterized by symptoms that come and go over the course of a person's life

Systems theory

disorders arise from a combination of causes that influence each other

Holism

higher-level patterns of disorders cannot be explained by breaking them down

Reductionism

the smallest units of analysis are the most important to discovering causes

equifinity

many paths can lead to the same outcome

multifinity

a single cause can lead to many outcomes

reciprocal causality

different factors influence each other in different ways, causing them to impact mental disorders in new ways

Mind-body dualism

the mind and body are separate, and there is not one brain area or function that causes one behavior

Nature vs nurture

both genes and environmental factors have an impact on mental disorders

Diathesis-stress model

stress and predisposition come together to lead to mental disorders

genetic effects

why people differ in susceptibility to mental disorders

Environmental effects

Effects that are real but complex on mental disorders end explain how vulnerability becomes disorder

Early adversity

childhood struggles or stress that lead to increased risk of mental disorders

Paradigms

sets of shared assumptions about what disorders are and how to treat them

Biological paradigm

paradigm that focuses on the brain and genetics, argues that mental disorders are caused by biological irregularities, and cannot explain why symptoms differ among people or why therapy works

Psychoanalytic paradigm

paradigm influenced by Freud that believes that behavior is shaped by unconscious processes and conflicts and places an emphasis on early relationships

Id

innate, unconscious part of personality that is focused on pleasure

Ego

part of personality that balances pleasure and reality

Superego

part of personalty that is focused on morality

Defense mechanisms

unconscious deceptions that reduce conscious anxiety

attachment theory

theory that infants form special, selective bonds with their caregivers early in life and that those bonds influence their future relationships

Psychodynamic paradigm

paradigm that focuses on uncovering patterns of internal conflict, unconscious processes, and past relationships to achieve insight

self theory

theory that the way people see themselves matters

behavioral paradigm

paradigm that focuses on the study of behavior to reasonably study psychology, ignoring internal processes and the integrated nature of disorders

classical conditioning

learning through association

operant conditioning

learning through the consequences of behavior

Cognitive paradigm

paradigm that focuses on mental processes and the need to understand how people think in order to deal with mental disorders

Humanistic paradigm

paradigm that places an emphasis on personal growth, healing, and potential to help people become more fully-functional and authentic through client centered therapy

Socio-cultural moel

Theory that disorders are best understood in light of society and culture that argues that individuals are embedded in a larger system

BioPsychoSocial model

Theory that there are various biological, psychological, and social factors contributing to metal disorders

psychotherapy

treatment of mental disorders designed to create behavioral, cognitive, and emotional change

active psychotherapy

treatment of mental disorders that is direct, teaches skills, and focuses on the present

passive psychotherapy

treatment of mental disorders that focuses on insight and past relationships

motivational interviewing

test used to assess a patient's readiness for change

change talk

client statements that signal readiness

Psychodynamic therapy

Treatment that focuses on uncovering past trauma, free association, dream interpretation, and catharsis

Psychoanalytic therapy

treatment that focuses on unconscious processes, dream interpretation, free association, and transference

Transference

the process of transferring feelings about key figures in one's life to an unknown, shadowy figure

Harry Stack-Sulivan, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Jon Bowlby

individuals who contributed to psychodynamic reform and progress in the field

Humanistic therapy

treatment that emphasizes the client-patient relationship and the capacity for growth

Therapist qualities

genuine, empathetic, and unconditional positive regard

Cognitive behavior therapy

treatment that focuses on thoughts and behaviors, targeting them as the key part of the problem

Interpersonal therapy

treatment that is focused on changing emotional styles of interacting in close relationships

Behavior therapy

treatment of behaviors as the route of all problems that includes exposure therapy, applied muscle relaxation, and skills training

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

behavioral therapy treatments coupled with mindfulness to help the client accept and change; started by Marshall Linehan to help suicidal patients

Mindfulness-based stress reduction

treatment centered around nonjudgemental awareness of the current moment without attempting to alter thoughts; started by Jon Kabot-Sinn for people with chronic stress and pain

systemic desensitization

behavioral therapy treatment that eliminates fears by imagining increasingly fearful events while maintaining a relaxing state

Aversion therapy

behavioral therapy that creates an unpleasant response

contingency management

behavioral therapy that directly changes the rewards and punishments of certain behaviors

attribution retraining

behavioral therapy that advises the patient to abandon intuitive strategies

Social Skills training

behavioral therapy that teaches patients new ways of behaving that are desirable and likely to be rewarded

Assertiveness training

behavioral therapy that teaches patients to be direct about what they feel and want

Social solving training

behavioral therapy that includes a multistep process that teaches children and adults ways to go about solving a variety of life's problems

self-instruction training

behavioral therapy that uses a cognitive technique with children where adults do actions while saying instructions and children do the same actions while saying the same instructions

rational-emotive therapy

behavioral therapy that persuades patients to adopt new, more rational beliefs

Beck's cognitive theory

theory that depression is caused by errors in thinking

Cognitive therapy

treatment that assumes emotions are determined by self statements and encourages patients to recognize maladaptive self-thoughts and replace those thoughts with more rational ones

Biological therapy

treatment that uses medications or stimulation to alter brain chemistry

Electroconvulsion therapy

biological therapy that induces a seizure in the brain to treat severe, treatment resistant depression but can cause memory loss

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

biological therapy that stimulates specific brain areas to create temporary lesions