Bio 2 - Chapter 48: Circulatory System

The __ ____ transports necessary materials to cells and waste materials away from cells in the body. ______ is the major transport material and the _____ serves as the major pump that pushes this through blood vessels in the body of the animal.

circulatory systems; Blood; heart

T/F The two types of circulatory systems are open circulatory systems and closed circulatory systems.

true

Blood is also known as _____ and body cavities are also called _____.

hemolymph; hemocoel

____ ____ _____ occur as blood (hemolymph) is pumped into a body cavity( hemocoel) and bathes organs directly. There are no ___ ____ associated with these systems.

Open circulatory systems; blood vessels

In open circulatory systems, nutrient and waste exchange occurs entirely by _____ between the hemolymph and body cells.

diffusion

Most _____ exhibit an open circulatory system.

invertebrates

Disadvantages of Open Circulatory Systems:

1. Blood is not not delivered directly to areas that are ____ _____.

2. Blood flow is _______ in these systems.

metabolically active; inefficient

In ____ ____ _____, blood is pumped throughout the body of the organism through blood vessels. A ____ _____ serves as the primary pump in these types of circulatory systems.

closed circulatory systems; muscular heart

The advantages of closed circulatory system:

1. Can be adjusted to match the ____ ______ of different organs

2. Can grow in ____ with the organism

3. Can ____ themselves (up to a point) when injured

metabolic demands; size; repair

Which animals have closed circulatory systems? (3)

earthworms, cephalopods, (squid, octopi), and vertebrates

What are the type of closed circulatory systems?

single and double circulatory systems

In ___ ____ ___, a 2-chambered heart is present. These types of hearts have one _____ that receives blood from the body and one ____ that pumps blood to the body. _____ exhibit this closed circulation system.

single circulatory systems; atrium; ventricle; Fish

In ___ ____ ___, a 4-chambered heart with 2 ____ (receive blood from the body) and 2 ____ (pump blood to the body) is present.

double circulatory system; atria; ventricles

Specifically, in double circulation, ______ and _____ _____ are separated into two circuits, the _____ circulation and the _____ circulation.

oxygenated; deoxygenated blood; systemic; pulmonary

Pulmonary circulation occurs when the ___ side of the heart pumps blood to the ___ where gas exchange occurs.

right; lungs

Systemic circulation occurs when the __ side of the heart pumps blood to the ___.

left; body

T/F The right side of the heart is involved in pulmonary circulation and the left side of the heart is involved in systematic circulation.

true

List 3 animals that exhibit double circulation?

crocodiles, birds, and mammals

____ serves as the transport medium in closed circulatory systems that carries ___ and ____ to all cells and removes waste products and __ ___ from body cells.

Blood; nutrients and oxygen; carbon dioxide

When blood is spun in a centrifuge, ____ distinct layers become visible that illustrate the major components of blood. What are the 4 major compoenents of blood.

three; plasma, leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes

____ is the straw-colored liquid portion of blood that is composed of primarily of _____ along with numerous materials that are dissolved in this including nutrients,carbon dioxide, wastes, hormones.

Plasma; water

Plasma makes up the ___ layer in a test tube after blood has been spun in a centrifuge.

top

___ are white blood cells. These form a white layer known as the __ __ under the plasma in a prespun test tube.

Leukocytes; buffy coat

Leukocytes play a key role in __ ___ and providing ___ for animals. There are multiple types of these that protect animals from...(4)

fighting infection; protection; viruses, toxins, bacteria, and parasites

____ are red blood cells that are located at the ___ of a spun test tube. These function by carrying ___ to body tissues and use ___ which is the red pigment that gives these cells their characteristic color.

Erythrocytes; base; oxygen; hemoglobin

What are the most abundant blood cells in the body?

erythrocytes

Hemoglobin is composed of a protein known as ____ that surrounds and supports a ___ molecule. This molecules contains a central __ atom in which ___ reversibly combines with for transport and release in the body.

globin; heme; iron; oxygen

___ of all oxygen carried in the body is bound to hemoglobin. Hemoglobin can also carry small supplies of ___ ____ as well.

99%; carbon dioxide

_____ are platelets that contain granules that store numerous agents involved in clot formation. Many of these components are known as __ ___.

Thrombocytes; clot factors

List the 3 steps in clot formation.

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

__ ___ occurs in smooth muscle when broken blood vessels contract to limit blood loss. Then __ __ ___ occurs as platelets become sticky following an injury and begin to stick to collagen fibers in the broken blood vessel to form a plug which reduces blood loss. Finally, ___ occurs as platelets release chemicals that stimulate the formation of clot.

Vascular spasm; Platelet plug formation; Coagulation

Vertebrate hearts carry out ___ ___ with two atria and two ventricles. The walls of the chambers of the vertebrate heart are composed of __ ___ __.

double circulation; cardiac muscle tissue

Vertebrates have a ___ ___ in which the heart muscle contractions (beats) are created by nerve impulses and autorhythmic cells in the heart.

myogenic heart

The two upper chambers of the heart are as known as the ___ ____ and _____ ____. These are ___ ___ for blood returning to the heart from the ____ and they collect blood and then push it into the ventricles.

right atrium and left atrium; receiving chambers; body

Atria are __ ____ since they only push blood into the ventricles. They contribute little to moving blood through the body as their primary function is to...

thin walled; receive incoming blood from the body

Blood returning from the body enters the ___ atrium through 3 major veins. List them.

right; superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sulcus

The __ ____ ____ returns blood to the right atrium from regions superior to the diaphragm and the __ __ ___ returns blood from regions inferior to the diaphragm. The ___ ____ collects blood returning from the myocardium itself.

superior vena cava; inferior vena cava; coronary sulcus

(#) ____ ____ carry blood to the heart's ___ atrium as these veins carry blood from the lungs back to the heart.

4 pulmonary veins; left

Pulmonary veins carry ___ ____ to the left atrium because the blood has just been through the lungs.

oxygenated blood

Veins carry ______ blood ___ the heart and arteries carry _____ blood ___ from the heart.

deoxygenated; to; oxygenated; away

What is the only area in the human body where a vein carries oxygenated blood?

pulmonary veins (to the left atrium)

The lower chambers of the heart are known as the ____ ____ and ____ _____. These pump blood to the body, therefore, they are much more ___ than the atria.

right ventricle and left ventricle; muscular

There are (#)___ in the heart that ensure blood flows in one direction through the heart: from ___ to ___ and out of ___ that attach to the heart.

4 valves; atria to ventricles; arteries

The valves of the heart open and close in response to differences in __ __ of their 2 sides.

blood pressure

There are (#) ___ ____ in the heart which are located. between each atrium and ventricle. These prevent blood ____ into the atria when the ventricles contract.

2 atrioventricular valves (AV); backflow

The ____ AV valve consists of 3 flaps or cusps and is located between the right atrium and right ventricle. These flaps are primarily __ ____.

tricuspid; connective tissue

The ____ AV valve consists of only 2 flaps and is located between the left atrium and left ventricle. It is also known as the __ ____.

bicuspid; mitral valve

The flaps of the valves are attached to cord-like ___ _____ that attach to the ____ _____ that line the inside of the ventricles. Together these control the AV valves/

chordae tendinae; papillary muscles

When the heart is relaxed, the AV valves __ ____ into the __ ____. During contract, pressure rises in the ventricles; thus forcing the valves to _____ (the cusps are forced together).

hang down into the ventricle chambers; close

There are (#) ____ ____ in the heart which are located between the ventricles and the major arteries attached to the heart. These prevent blood from back flowing into the ______.

semilunar valves; ventricles

Each SL valve is composed of...

3 half-moon shaped cusps

When the ventricles contract, the blood pushes the SL valves ____ (against the walls of the arteries) and when the ventricles relax, blood in the arteries pushes the valves _____, thus preventing backflow.

open; closed

The ____ semilunar valve is located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery and the ____ semilunar valve is located between the left ventricle and aorta.

pulmonary; aortic

___ ___ is carried out by the right side of the heart when blood is pumped to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart.

Pulmonary circulation

___ ____ is carried out by the left side of the heart when blood is pumped to and from the body.

Systemic Circulation

_____ ____ describes blood flow to and from the heart muscle.

Coronary Circulation

During blood circulation, _____ blood enters the ___ atrium via the ___ and ____ ______. The atrium then contracts and pushes blood past the __ ____ to the ___ ventricle. Once filled, the valve closes and the ventricle contracts to push blood past the ___ ____ ___ through the __ _____ to the lungs.

deoxygenated; right; super and inferior vena cava; tricuspid AV valve; right; pulmonary semilunar valve; pulmonary trunk (artery)

In the capillaries of the lungs, the deoxygenated blood gives up __ ____ and picks up ______. This oxygenated blood returns to the ___ atrium via ____ _____. This ends ___ _____.

carbon dioxide; oxygen; left; pulmonary veins; pulmonary circulation

Once _____ blood enters the left atrium, the atrium contracts to force blood past the ___ ____ into the ___ ventricle. Once filled, the valve closes and the ventricle contracts to force blood past the ___ ____ ____ into the ___ and on to all parts of the body. This is ___ ____.

oxygenated; mitral (bicuspid) valve; left; aortic semilunar valve; aorta; systemic circulation

___ ___ carry oxygenated blood to the myocardium and these encircle the heart. Deoxygenated blood from the myocardium empties into ___ ___ which empty into the __ ___. This is ___ ____.

Coronary arteries; cardiac veins; right atrium; coronary circulation

A heart attack or coronary attack is known as a...

myocardial infarction

An ____ is the death of tissue due to interrupted blood supply. This is often caused by a blockage in one of the ____ _____. It can be treated with ____ (thru a catheter) which dissolves clots, however, surgery may also be an option.

infarction; coronary arteries; streptokinase

The __ ____ controls and regulates much of the heart's activity. Specifically, it contains the ___ ____ and ____ _____.

medulla oblongata; cardiovascular center and cardioaccelerating center

The ___ ____ refers to the events that occur during one complete heartbeat. In a normal heartbeat, the 2 atria _____ while the 2 ventricles _____, then the 2 ventricles _____, while the 2 atria ____. At the end of the cycle, all of the chambers ___ for a moment, then a new cycle begins.

cardiac cycle; contract; relax; contract; relax; relax

On average, the heart beats ____ per minute.

70-75 times

The 2 phases of the cardiac cycle as _____ which refers to contraction and emptying of heart chambers and ____ which refers to relaxing and filling of heart chambers.

systole; diastole

The 2 distinct heart sounds are __ and ___. These sounds are the result of....

Lubb and Dubb; closing heart valves

The ___ sound is produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular _____. Ventricular pressure is _____ than atrial pressure at this point.

Lubb; systole; greater

The ___ sound is the 2nd heart sound produced at the end of ventricular systole as the ___ ____ close.

Dubb; semilunar valves

An _______ is a measurement of the electrical impulses through the heart. This typically consists of three distinct waves...

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG); P wave, QRS complex, T wave

The __ ___ is the 1st wave of an EKG that is the result of ___ _____. This also represents ___ ____.

P wave; atrial depolarization; atrial contraction

The ____ ____ is the largest wave resulting from ___ _____. This also represents __ ____.

QRS complex; ventricular depolarization; ventricular contraction

The ___ ____ is the 3rd wave on an EKG that represents __ ___ or ___ ____.

T wave; ventricular repolarization; ventricular relaxation

T/F The waves in a normal ECG tend to be very consistent. Any changes indicate heart problems.

true

__ _____ are responsible for delivering blood to all parts of the human body. As the heart contracts it forces blood into _____ which branch into smaller arteries that branch to form smaller ______. These then carry blood into _____ or ___ _____ which carry blood into body tissues.

Blood vessels; arteries; arterioles; capillaries or capillary beds

Blood returning from the capillary beds empties into _____ that merge to form ______ which ultimately empty into the heart.

venules; veins

Arteries carry blood ___ from the heart. In general, it is ___ blood.

away; oxygenated

There are 3 layers of arterial walls (tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa) known as ____.

tunics

The __ ____ is the innermost layer of arterial walls. It is also known as __ ____ and surrounds a central-blood containing space known as the _____.

tunica interna; tunica intima; lumen

The ___ ___ is the middle layer of arterial walls and is primarily composed of smooth muscle tissue. ____ (reduction in lumen diameter due to smooth muscle contraction) and _____ (widening of lumen due to smooth muscle relaxation) both occur here.

tunica media; vasoconstriction; vasodilation

The __ ____ is the thickest layer in the walls of arteries and also helps to regulate __ ____ and ___ ___.

tunica media; blood pressure and blood flow

The ___ ____ is the outermost layer of the arterial walls and is primarily __ ____ in structure. It is also known as ___ ____.

tunica externa; connective tissue; tunica adventitia

____ are microscopic blood vessels which are the _____ vessels in the body. Their walls consists ONLY of __ ___ and are typically __ _____ ____ thick.

Capillaries; smallest; tunica interna; one cell layer

Capillaries are the primary sites for the ___ ___ ____ such as gases, nutrients, and hormones, between the blood and body tissues and interstitial fluid.

exchange of materials

Veins carry blood ___ to the heart. The blood is typically _____ and blood flow can be described _____ at best in veins.

back; deoxygenated; sluggish

Veins have 3 distinct tunics, but their walls are always ____ and their lumens ___ than those of arteries.

thinner; larger

Veins contain ____ along their tunica interna which prevent the backflow of blood in the veins of the body. These are most numerous in veins of the _____.

valves; limbs

T/F As a rule, in adults, arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood. The sole exception in adults: pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood and the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood

true

T/F Blood must be kept circulating for us to survive

true

___ _____ is the volume of blood flowing through a vessel or organ in a given period of time(ml/min). It is equivalent to ____ ____.

Blood flow; cardiac output

__ _____ is the force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by its contained blood. Is expressed in ____.

Blood pressure (BP); mmHg

____ is the opposition to blood flow. This also includes any friction blood faces as it travels through the body.

Resistance

____ _____ refers to the thickness of blood.

Blood Viscosity

Blood pressure is specifically associated with ____ and is measured by a ______ to determine systolic and diastolic pressure.

arteries; sphygomanometer

___ ____ is caused by ventricular contraction and is typically measured around ______.

Systolic pressure; 120 mmHg

____ ____ occurs during ventricular filling and usually measures around _____. This is the ___ blood pressure reading.

Diastolic pressure; 60-80 mmHg; lowest

Blood pressure is expressed as _______. For example: 120/80. Is there a wide variation in blood pressure in different individuals?

systolic/diastolic; yes

_____ is the condition of high blood pressure. This occurs when BP is greater than ______. The causes include ____ and ___ ____ (the kidney releases ____ which increases BP).

Hypertension; 140/95; atherosclerosis; kidney disease; renin

The ___ ____ in the medulla of the brain and ____ located in more large arteries are two forms of controls that act to maintain normal blood pressure.

vasomotor center; baroreceptors

Baroreceptors in large arteries ___ when BP increases which creates impulses that are sent to the ___ ____ which responds by decreasing BP.

stretch; vasomotor center