world midterm

Feudalism

A Political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Monastery

A place where communities of monks live lives of devotion to God in isolation from the outside world

Lords

A person of high rank who owned land but owed loyalty to his king

Knights

In the Middle Ages, lesser noble who served as a mounted warrior for a lord

Fief (fief-holding)

Land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service

Magna Carta

A document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges.

English Bill of Rights

Document that gave England a government based on a system of laws and a freely elected parliament

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

A Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen

Witchcraft hysteria

17th-century European violence reflecting uncertainties about religion and about resentment against the poor; especially affected women.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange., overthrow of King James II of England

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns/battles over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

Great Schism

The official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

95 Thesis

Written by Martin Luther in 1517, they are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther used these theses to display his displeasure with some of the Church's clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences; this ultimately gave birth to Protestantism.

Daimyo

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, goods, ideas and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade. The buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Secularism

A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations. The idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on earth not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Tokugawa Shogunate

was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.

John Calvin

French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers, Persian letters, The Spirit of the Laws, checks and balances

Renaissance

"Rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning and knowledge of Greece and Rome, people began to think less about God and more focused on themselves

Catholic Reformation

A 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation

Zheng He

Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death.

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

National Convention

The meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform.

Legislative Assembly

A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution of 1791.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Janissaries

Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Reign of Terror

During the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

Black Death

The epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

Voltaire

French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church, satire

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. FATHER OF COMMUNISM

Early Middle Ages in Europe

Life was very hard, very few could read and write, strong belief that life in heaven would be better than on earth gave people hope

High Middle Ages in Europe

Rapidly growing population brought social and political change, from 1000 onward last of the Barbarian invasions, Western Europe became more politically organized; rise of modern nations states and also city states

Late Middle Ages in Europe

End of Economic and political growth and prosperity, period of famine, plague, warfare, artistic and intellectual growth, Renaissance

Peasants

People who worked the land or served the nobles

King

Highest-ranking leader of a group of people

Church

Unified small kingdoms, salvaged (saved) ruins of ancient world and became a center of learning

Merchants

People who buy and sell goods

Manorialism

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land

Causes of the Crusades

Pope Urban wanted to return the Holy Lands to Christian control, To turn back the Turks who were threatening to advance into the Byzantine Empire, To get rid of troublesome knights to reduce the fighting in Europe

Crusade Motives

Results of the Crusades

Implied religious differences, made an economic impact by trading goods and opening new markets, provided new luxuries, established communities, and looked for people that were different

Renaissance Perspective

The differences in the way things look when they are close to something or far away. These paintings seem to have depth.

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches, weakening church power, Martin Luther's 95 Thesis (Lutheranism) , Alexander VI (corrupt popes), John Calvin (predestination- Calvinism)

Causes of the Reformation

Printing press spread criticisms of the church (humanism and secularism made people question the church), Powerful monarchs challenged the church as the supreme power in Europe/ viewed the pope as a foreign ruler, European princes and kings were jealous of the Church's wealth/ merchants resented having to pay taxes, Church leaders became corrupt/ sale of indulgences unacceptable

Causes of Absolutism

Religious and territorial conflicts created fear and uncertainty, Due to warfare governments built large armies placed high taxes on peasant population, Poor economic conditions (high taxes) and food shortages (Little Ice Age) resulted in peasant revolts

Absolutism Ideas

Political theory that one ruler should hold all the power within the boundaries of a country, free from any constitutional restraint or limitation.

Phillip II

Expanded Spanish influence, strengthened the catholic church, and made his own power absolute, had a palace named Escorial; very religious

Louis XIV

Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Peter the Great

He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg, grand embacy, boair

Causes of the English Civil War

Continual refusal of King Charles I to share power with Parliament. Revolt in Ireland causing the need for an army. Parliament raises army (they didn't have the legal right to do this.) King marches on Parliament with force to disband it.

Constitutional Monarchy

Queen Elizabeth I died -\> James VI becomes James I of England -\> Charles I Rules (forced to sign petition of right) -\> Civil War in England (1642-1648) -. Monarchy is abolished; England is declared a republic -\> Oliver Cromwell established a military dictatorship -\> Military restores Charles II as King -\> James II Rules -\> William and Mary of Orange encouraged to invade England (Glorious Revolution) -\> Parliament offers the throne to Mary -\> English Bill of Rights passed

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings, Leviathan, called the social contract

Locke

English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience, 3 Natural Rights (Life, Liberty, and Property)

Diderot

Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically., education, attacked divine-right theory + traditional religious

Rousseau

Believed that society threatened natural rights and freedoms. Wrote about society's corruption caused by the revival of sciences and art instead of it's improvement. He was sponsored by the wealthy and participated in salons but often felt uncomfortable and denounced them. Wrote "The Social Contract."

Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women, wrote: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Smith

Wrote The Wealth of Nations; argued that the free market should be allowed to regulate business, laissez-faire

Beccaria

Wrote 'On Crimes and Punishments', wanted laws to conform to rational laws of nature, criminal justice, no death penalty/torture

Why did Europeans explore?

God, Gold, Glory, Spices

Impact of exploration on Europe

\-Contributed to growth of capitalism

\-Merchants gained great wealth by trading and selling goods

\-Market economy system

\-Money became precious

Impact of Exploration on Americas

\-Slavery

\-Disease

\-Death of Native Americans

Impact of Exploration on Asia

-Spread of the Christian religion

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503. He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500)

De Gama

First to sail from africa to asia. left portugal in 1497 sailed around Cape of Good Hope and reached India in 1498.

Technology used during exploration

compass, stern post rudder, astrolabe, cannons

Ottoman Empire

Sunni Islam, included Christians, Jews, and Muslims, the political ruler was called a Sultan, relied on taxation on agriculture, benefitted from custom taxes and and its possession of Bursa, gained greater diversity of goods, essential to its trading networks, defended the seas by implementing naval patrols

Mughal Empire

Sunni Muslim, majority of Hindu population, empire called Shah, economy was formidable and affluent, extremely fertile, imported very little except for horses, steady flow of European silver into the empire, fundamental to the minting of imperial coin

Safavid Empire

Leader is called a Shah, Shi'i Islam, geographic location for trade, major export was raw silk and silk textiles, the Indian ocean greatly aided the Safavid trading network, did not have an abundance of resources, developed the economy through trade

Similarities in Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires

THEY ARE ALL GUNPOWDER WEAPON EMPIRES; Autocratic rule (military states in which all had power and prestige centered on the person of the ruler), Islamic faith (embraced Islam, Christian and Hindu majority, Sunni Muslims), Isolationism (maintained power through militaries), Agricultural economies (majority of population was involved in raising and processing food, populations grew slowly, India grew more rapidly), Foreign trade (existed along important historic trade routes and derived benefit from their locations, encouraged new industries), Cultural insularity (did not seek out new ideas or technologies and proved hostile to innovation, feared new ideas would lead to political instability)

Ming Dynasty

Rose up out of a peasant rebellion to create a grand new dynasty, first to deal with Europeans arriving in increasing numbers, far advanced, voyages to show off Chinaswelath and power, Zheng He, last ethic Chinese dynasty, established rituals and tightened bureaucracy, extensive trade with foreign countries (Europe and actively with Portuguese, Dutch, and Japanese) The Ming fell because of imperial govt exacted increasingly burdensome taxes on common people. The Manchu conquered them

Qing Dynasty

Adopted the form of govt by the Ming, one Manchu and one Chinese were in the same position with Manchu having more power, military was organized troops under banners, each a separate unit, personally attached to the emperor and loyal, preserved their own identity, spoke own language, separated duties, didn't make documents available to the Chinese, Chinese men had to shave their heads and wear queues, taxes were light, trade grew, revival of arts and learning, greatest prosperity, Qing dynasty fell because internal rebellions caused problems , Japans westernization, attacks, weakened govt and strengthened revolutionaries uneducated and opposed any type of reform

How was Japan unified?

Ruled the empire with force, destroyed remaining hostile daimyo, invaded Korea, defeated rivals in battle which earned loyalty of daimyo throughout Japan, A powerful daimyo named Oda Nobunaga campaigned to unify Japan at the end of the 16th century. He managed to conquer most of Honshu, the main island of Japan, by brutally defeating any and all of his opponents, so his goal seemed attainable

Developments of Tokugawa shogunate

Marked by internal peace, political stability, and economic growth. Social order was officially frozen, and mobility between classes (warriors, farmers, artisans, and merchants) was forbidden. The samurai warrior class came to be a bureaucratic order in this time of lessened conflict.

The Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God, a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

What caused the Enlightenment?

The focus on humanism during the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property, divine right of kings

Rouseau

He believed in individual freedoms, where everyone is equal. His idea of social contract was an agreement among individuals to create a government & society,believed in direct democracy

Frederick the Great

This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler, "I exist to serve my country"

Catherine the Great

Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations, praised Voltaire, increased tax/restrictions

Joseph II

This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom, the son of Maria Teresa and a enlightened despot who ruled over the Austrian Empire.

Impact of the Enlightenment

1. New ways of thinking
2. New political ideas (liberty, natural rights, republican government)
3. Sparked political revolution
4. Faith in a better future
5. Secular ideas
6. Reason over religion
7. Religious toleration
8. Respect for individuals

Causes of the French Revolution

1) The economic and financial crisis that led to the calling of the Estates General. 2) The political incompetence of Louis XV and XVI. 3) The unfair taxation between the three estates

Main ideas of French Revolution

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

Effects of the French Revolution

Rise of the French middle class, the spread of nationalism and democracy, inspiration for other rebellions, Rise of Napoleon, development of nationalism, inspired Latin American revolutions

Directory

Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.

Concordat of 1801

Gives power back to the church, This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power