APWH - Unit 1/2 - Chapter 2/3/4 - Period 1200-1450 - Test Rvw

Song Dynasty (960-1279)

(Chinese dynasty)
Placed emphasis on administration, industry, education, and art. Characterized by advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. Ruled during the "Golden Age" of China.

The Grand Canal

Promoted trade between North and South China (because Chinese rivers flow west-east)

Civil service exam

exam based on Confucian teachings used to select people for government service jobs in the bureaucracy

Champa rice

tributary gift from Vietnam to China, fast ripening rice allowing for 2 crops per year, led to population increase

Song Dynasty Inventions

Porcelain, (agricultural tools, weaponry) gunpowder, refined printing, naval technology

Economy of Song China

better technology, urbanization, extensive infrastructure, produce for market, specialized crop sales (to then buy rice)

Flying cash

letters of credit (developed to deal with copper coin shortage)

Song Dynasty Patriarchy

emphasis on ancestor worship, foot binding, rapid commercialization of textile industries undercut local silk production by women, property rights expanded for women (could control dowries, inherit property), some argued women should be educated in order to educate their sons

Footbinding

(Male imposed) practice to mutilate women's feet (reduce size), produced pain, restricted movement, confined women to the household, seen as beautiful to the elite

Chan Buddhism

Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate, (Dharma translated as dao, Nirvana translated as wuwei) Limited emphasis on textual study-meditation

Neo-Confucianism

Song didn't persecute Buddhists, but favors Confucians, influenced by Buddhist thought

Song Weaknesses

size of bureaucracy has heavy drain on economy, civil service leadership of military (lacked training, unable to contain nomadic attacks)

China is the dominant power of...

East Asia

Generally the .... (who adopted what?)

Elite adopted Chinese culture

China's influence on Korea

Tributary relationship, Korean elite culture influenced by China, filial piety began to erode elite Korean values (women lost rights), buddhism

China's influence on Vietnam

Tributary relationship, Vietnam closely copied Chinese political structures and systems (than Korea), women maintained more rights

China's influence on Japan

Chinese armies never invade (unlike it did to others), Chinese culture pervasive, Japan's isolation allowed for its freedom in borrowing Chinese culture (rather than forced?), women maintained more rights

Institution of the Shogun

Infighting between aristocratic lords and their clans using Samurai

Samurai

elite warriors (follow Bushido code), highly loyal to their aristocratic lords, honored

Tributary Relationship

one country gives gifts to another in exchange for protection

Aristocracy

power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

Centralization example

Building an interconnected system of roads and bridges

Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258)

Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia, defeats and replaces Umayyad army (750), slowly losing grasp of the region to independent Muslim rulers, swore formal allegiance to Caliph in Baghdad

Caliph

Successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims

Baghdad, Iraq

Abbasids built new capital here, center of trade

Seljuk Turkic Empire (11/12th centuries)

Turkic speaking pastoralists from Central Asia conquer much of Anatolia, Persia, Central Asia, converted to Islam, leader declares himself sultan, by 1200 controlled by regional sultanates

Ottoman Empire

Turkic warriors, conquer Anatolia to create a small sultanate (1300), sultanate rises in power to become prominent among Islamic world, Turks are dominant ethnic group of Islam, Ottoman sultan assumes title of caliph

Sultanate

Land ruled by a sultan (Muslim ruler)

Sunni Caliph belief

Anyone can be caliph

Shia Caliph belief

Caliph must be descendant of Muhammad

Devshirme

(Ottoman policy) system used to run the empire, Christian Balkan boys were recruited and forced into civil service, converted to Islam, given education, and produced high officials (governors, military commanders)

Janissaries

Elite infrantry soldiers recruited through devshirme, first modern standing army of Europe (served as Sultans bodyguards)

Islam in India (early 1000s)

Arabic trade with India predates Islam and continues, Mahmud of modern Afghanistan raids northern India (early 1000s), conquers region, destroys Hindu and Buddhist temples

Sultanate of Delhi

Major Turkic Muslim ruling in northern India from 1206-1526, weak administrative structure, reliance on cooperation of Hindu kings

Islam in India 1300-1500

Islam never able to claim more than a quarter of Indian population, Muslims live apart from Hindus as a minority, strong Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar ruling, Islamic merchants influence Southern India

Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain)

Muslim Berber conquerors from North Africa, refused to recognize the Abbasid dynasty, a center of learning, Christians, Muslims, and Jews live in harmony until replaced by intolerance

Dar al-Islam

"house of Islam", refers to lands under Islamic rule, uniformity of Islamic law throughout this promotes trade

Status of Women in Islam

Quran improves status of women, male dominance preserved

Sufism

Sufi missionaries, asceticism, mysticism

Ibn Battuta (1304-1369)

Muslim Berber scholar and explorer who traveled the medieval world, visited most of the Islamic world and many non-Muslim lands, completed Hajj

Byzantine Empire

Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived (the fall of the Western half)

Capital of the Byzantine Empire

Constantinople (named after Emperor Constantine)

The Later Roman Empire and Byzantium

Challenges from strong Persian empire, invasions of Germanic peoples, roman infrastructure

Caesaropapism

Political and religious power centralized in the emperor, claims divine authority (cannot claim divinity), authority even over church, empire and church unity

Religious Schism

Tensions between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church, Patriarch of Constantinople and Pope of Rome excommunicate each other, Western Europe and Roman church conquer Constantinople during fourth crusade

Challenges from the East

As the Europeans expanded into the Byzantine empire, Muslim Seljuks invade Anatolia, defeat Byzantine army in 1071, period of steady decline until Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople (1453), renamed Istanbul

Kievan Rus

First civilization in Russia that was greatly influenced by the byzantine

Feudalism Political System

-decentralized, local government
-Lord and his vassals administered justice and were the highest authority in their land

Lords and Retainers

formation of small private armies, incentives such as land grants, income from mills, cash, formation of hereditary class of military

Serfdom

Slaves, free peasants in both Roman and Germanic societies, appeals to lords (midway between slave and free peasant)

Serf's rights and obligations

pass on land to heirs, obligation to provide labor/income, payments in kind to lord, unable to move from land, fees charged for marrying serfs of another lord

Order of the feudal system

King, Nobles, Knights, Peasants

Competing Powers

Church (Roman Catholic), Monarchies (Kings/Queens), Nobility (Wealthy landowners), fought for supremacy, checks and balances gave merchants autonomy

Charlemagne

Centralized imperial rule, major military achievements

Charlemagne's Administration

Re-establishes centralized rule, counts run on local government, imperial officials, hesitated to challenge Byzantines by taking title of emperor, crowned as emperor in 800 (challenges Byzantium)

The Vikings

Invaders of Europe from Scandinavia, capable of river travel against wind, attacked villages, sacked constantinople three times

Holy Roman Empire

Military forays into eastern Europe, enters Italy twice to aid Roman Catholic church

Henry IV

Holy Roman Emperor, opposed the pope, excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness

Increase in food supply leads to...

Urbanization, increase in trade, developments

Hanseatic League

Hansa association of trading cities, trade in Baltic and North seas, used Danube, Rhine, to connect to Mediterranean trade networks

Improved business techniques

Banking, letters of credit - freed merchants from having to deal in bullion or currency

Chivalry

Code of conduct for nobles, established ethics and morality into society, sponsored by Church to minimize fighting among Christians

Guilds

Organizations of merchants, workers, artisans, created social support networks

High Middle Ages

1000-1300 CE; Western Europe making a comeback; time of revival and progress; huge increase in population and growth of cities, increasing wealth makes education possible

Universities

Academic guilds (12th century) transformed cathedral schools into universities, higher standards of education

Influence of Aristotle

Latin translations of Byzantine Greek texts circulate Europe, Jewish and Muslim scholars provide other translations from Arabic translations

Beginning of the Crusades

1095 CE, Pope Urban calls for liberation of Jerusalem from Muslims, foundation of Anti-Muslim and Anti-Semitism

Fourth Crusade

1202-1204, destroys Constantinople, weakens Byzantine empires, Europe encounters new trade goods: sugar and coffee, provide contact with Muslim ideologies, trade increase, growth of power of kings, feudalism declines

The Mexica

Aztecs, became nomadic, settled in Tenochtitlan 1375 CE, grew chinampas (up to 7 crops per year)

Mexica Society

Hierarchical social structure, high stature for soldiers, mainly drawn from aristocratic class, land grants, food privileges

Mexica Women

Patriarchal structure, emphasis on childbearing, mothers of warriors especially honored

Mexico Cultivators and Slaves

Communal groups - calpulli, kin based, managed communal lands, work obligations on aristocratic lands, slave class - debtors, children sold into slavery

Mexica religion

Influenced by Olmec traditions, polytheistic, nature, based gods; ritual sacrifice to please gods (especially sun god Huitzilopochtil)

Mexica Ritual Bloodletting

Emphasis on human sacrifice, victim fingertips torn off before death, ritual wounds, victims: Mexica criminals, captured enemy soldiers, personal rituals

Cahokia

900-1250 CE, mound-building peoples, ceremonial platforms, homes, burial grounds, severe collapse

Inca Administration

Incas ruled by holding hostages, colonization, no writing systems; rather system of cords and knots called quipu

Inca Roads

Massive road building system, paved/shaded/wide roads, courier and messenger services, limited long-distance trade

Incan Society and Religion

Social elites dominated by infallible king, worship of ancestors

Inca Religion

Polytheistic, Inti sun god, Viracocha creator god, temples as pilgrimage sites, peasant sacrifices - usually produce, animals (not humans), sin understood as disruption of divine order

Gender Relations (Aztec / Inca)

Parallelism, two separate but equal systems
Inca men patrilineal, women matrilineal (relationship to dad/mom)
Aztec: Children belonged to mother/father equally
Separate cults with male and female priests
Inca: Parallel hierarchies of government officials
Aztec: Female officials exercised local authority

Development of trade networks

Maintenance of roads, bridges, discovery of Monsoon wind patterns, increased tariff revenues used to maintain open routes

Trade in Hellenistic World

Spices/pepper/gems/pearls - India
Grain - Persia/Egypt
Wine/Oil - Mediterranean
Development of professional merchant class

Silk Roads

Land-based trade routes that linked Eurasia, named after principal commodity from China (Silk!), dependent on imperial stability

Major transfers on trade routes

Physical trade goods (silk, gold, salt, spices), Culture (religions), Technology (paper, iron plow, horse collar), Disease (bubonic plague)

The Organization of Long-Distance Trade

Divided into small segments, tariffs and tolls finance local supervision, tax income incentives

Arabian Camel

A domesticated animal that was widely used in the Sand Roads due to its ability to hold water in it's humps for extended periods of time. These animals only need water every 10 days.

Cultural Trade - Buddhism and Hinduism

Merchants carry religious ideas along silk routes, Buddhism becomes dominant faith of silk roads 200-700 CE

Monasteries

Shelter traveling merchants

Religious Interactions Summary

Buddhism east to China, SE Asia
Hinduism to SE Asia
Christianity to SW Asia, Africa, Europe
Development of Zoroastrianism in Persia

Arab Dhow - Maritime technology

More navigable ship, better (triangular) sails

Lateen triangular sails - Maritime technology

Allows ships to sail against the wind, decreases the time needed to trade

Srivijaya (State Building - SE Asia)

Locals begin to compete for Malay sailors to stop on their trade missions, choke points, gold, spices, taxes on passing ships, many convert to Buddhism

Choke point

a strategic, narrow waterway between two larger bodies of water

City of Malacca

transformed from a small fishing village to a major port city that became the capital of Malay Muslim Sultante; showcased Islam growth and commerce/state building of the Indian Ocean

State Building - East Africa

Swahili Coast ~ Mogadishu, Mombasa, Kilwa
Indian Ocean Trade Routes brought wealth, goods from interior would be brought to these cities then loaded onto ships

Kilwa

City-state on east African coast, fishing, turns to agriculture, increased trade in pottery and stoneware
Major trading center by 1300

Early Christianity in North Africa

Popular in Egypt, initially weak in sub-Saharan Africa, Christian Kingdom of Axum, merchants then kings convert, bible translated into Ethiopian

Aksumite Empire

Converts to Christianity, Aksum became isolated from other Christian communities

State Building in Sub-Saharan Africa

Trading through Sahara Desert allows powerful empires to grow, Middle men (protect trade routes), influenced by Islam

Kingdom of Ghana

Protection against camel driving raiders, center of African gold trade, sold ivory and slaves